ICO Subspecialty and Residency Curricula

Documents for Comment

ICO Residency Curriculum XVII. APPENDIX Part 2a


References Sections I-X

 

International Council of Ophthalmology

Residency Curriculum 2011

References
Evidence-based medicine, in which therapeutic decisions are based on documented, verifiable, and validated information, is an increasingly important educational framework upon which physicians should make recommendations for their patients. Whenever possible, updated references and sources of knowledge providing such information should receive precedence and preference by both teachers and students of clinical ophthalmology. Links to the practice of evidence-based medicine can be found at www.aao.org.

General References

Books
1. Atebara, N. Basic and Clinical Science Course, 2012-2013. Section 3: Clinical Optics. San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmolgy, 2012.
2. Albert DM, Jakobiec FA. Principles and practice of ophthalmology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co.; 2000.
3. Easty DL, Sparrow JM. Oxford textbook of ophthalmology, 2v. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press; 1999.
4. Forrester JV. The eye: Basic sciences in practice. 2nd ed. Edinburgh ; New York: W.B. Saunders; 2002.
5. Galloway NR. Common eye diseases and their management. 2nd ed. London: Springer; 1999.
6. Kanski JJ. Clinical ophthalmology: a systematic approach. 4th ed. Oxford; Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 1999.

     Journal Articles

1. Congdon NG, Friedman DS, Lietman T. Important causes of visual impairment in the world today. Jama 2003; 290: 2057-2060.
2. Liesegang TJ, Hoskins HD Jr., Albert DM et al. Ophthalmic education: where have we come from, and where are we going? Am J Ophthalmol 2003; 136: 114-121.
3. Okada AA. International guidelines: all for one and one for all? Arch Ophthalmol 2003; 121:1043-1044.
4. Lee AG. Using the American Journal of Ophthalmology's website for assessing residency subcompetencies in practice-based learning. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 137: 206 -207.
5. Lee AG. The new competencies and their impact on resident training in ophthalmology. Surv Ophthalmol 2003; 48: 651-662.
6. The "Atlas of Ophthalmology" (www.atlasophthalmology.com) is an online multimedia database edited by Georg Michelson, MD, from the University Augenklinik in Erlangen, Germany and Robert Machemer, MD, from Duke University in Durham, North Carolina, USA. It is endorsed by the ICO.

Websites
1. International Council of Ophthalmology (ICO): www.icoph.org
a. ICO Center for Ophthalmic Educators: educators.icoph.org
b. ICO Examinations: www.icoexams.org/
c. ICO International Fellowships: www.icoph.org/refocusing_education/fellowships.html
d. ICOFoundation: www.icofoundation.org/
2. American Academy of Ophthalmology: http://www.aao.org
3. American Academy of Ophthalmology Education Resource Center: http://www.aao.org/education/index.cfm
4. American Board of Ophthalmology: http://www.abop.org
5. Digital Journal of Ophthalmology: http://www.djo.harvard.edu
6. Eye Search: http://www.eyesearch.com
7. Eye Atlas - Online Atlas of Ophthalmology: http://www.eyeatlas.com
8. Eye Cancer Network: http://eyecancer.com
9. Eye Library.Org: http://www.eyelibrary.org
10. Eye Text.Net: http://www.eyetext.net
11. Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education: http://www.acgme.org
12. Orbis International: www.orbis.org
13. Ophthalmic resource searches (ie, search for "eye resources on the Internet" or search by ophthalmic keywords): http://www.google.com
14. New York Eye and Ear Infirmary: Digital Atlas of Ophthalmology http://www.nyee.edu/page_deliv.html?page_no=50
15. Royal College of Ophthalmologists: http://www.rcophth.ac.uk
16. Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmology: http://www.ranzco.edu
17. Wilmer Ophthalmological Institute: http://www.wilmereyeinstitute.net

Ophthalmology Journal Websites
1. Acta Ophthalmologica Scandinavica: http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/journals/aos
2. American Journal of Ophthalmology: http://www.ajo.com
3. Ophthalmology: http://www.aao.org
4. Several sub-specialty journals are available through: http://www.ophsource.org
5. Archives of Ophthalmology: http://archopht.ama-assn.org/
6. British Journal of Ophthalmology: www.bjophthalmol.com
7. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology: http://www.eyesite.ca
8. Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology:
9. Current Opinion in Ophthalmology: http://www.co-ophthalmology.com
10. European Journal of Ophthalmology: http://www.eur-j-ophthalmol.com/ejo/
12. Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology:
13. International Ophthalmology Clinics: http://www.internat-ophthalmology.com
14. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science: http://www.iovs.org
15. Japanese Journal of Ophthalmology: http://www.springerlink.com
16. Journal Français d’Ophtalmologie: http://www.sfo.org
17. Ophthalmologica: http://www.karger.com
18. Transactions of the American Ophthalmological Society:
19. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins: http://www.lwwonline.com

I. Optics and Refraction

Publications
1. Optics and refraction. A review. Rubin ML, Hope GM. Ophthalmology. 1996 Aug;103(8 Suppl):S102-8.
2. Functional vision, contrast sensitivity, and optical aberrations.Packer M, Fine IH, Hoffman RS. Int Ophthalmol Clin. 2003 Spring;43(2):1-3.
3. Effects of monochromatic and chromatic oblique aberrations on visual performance during spectacle lens wear.Tang CY, Charman WN. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 1992 Jul;12(3):340-9.
4. Correction of refractive errors: effect on accommodation and convergence.Sampson WGTrans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol. 1971 Jan-Feb;75(1):124-32.
5. Refractive abnormalities in childhood.Greenwald MJ. Pediatr Clin North Am. 2003 Feb;50(1):197-212.
6. Failures in the prescription of eyeglasses and their causes.Reiner J Klin Monbl Augenheilkd. 1973 Mar;162(3):399-407.
7. The eye and its disorders. 16. The estimation and correction of refractive errors.Trevor-Roper PDInt Ophthalmol Clin. 1974 Spring-Summer;14(1-2):245-66.
8. Diffractive-refractive optics: (+,-,-,+) X-ray crystal monochromator with harmonics separation. Hrdý J, Mikulík P, Oberta P. J Synchrotron Radiat. 2011 Mar;18(Pt 2):299-301.
11. Simultaneous measurement of objective refraction, accommodation response and axial length of the human eye. Alderson A, Mankowska A, Cufflin MP, Mallen EA. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt. 2011.
12. Accuracy of a dual Scheimpflug analyzer and a corneal topography system for intraocular lens power calculation in unoperated eyes. Savini G, Barboni P, Carbonelli M, Hoffer KJ.J Cataract Refract Surg. 2011 Jan;37(1):72-6.
13. Subjective depth of field in presence of 4th-order and 6th-order Zernike spherical aberration using adaptive optics technology. Benard Y, Lopez-Gil N, Legras R.J Cataract Refract Surg. 2010 Dec;36(12):2129-38.
14. Thomas Young's contribution to visual optics: the Bakerian Lecture "on the mechanism of the eye".Atchison DA, Charman WN.J Vis. 2010 Oct 15;10(12):16. Print 2010.
15. Improving the prediction accuracy of the SRK/T formula: the T2 formula.
Sheard RM, Smith GT, Cooke DL.J Cataract Refract Surg. 2010 Nov;36(11):1829-34.
16. Subjective blur limits for cylinder. Guo H, Atchison DA.Optom Vis Sci. 2010 Aug;87(8):E549-59.
17. Comparison of intraocular lens power calculation formulae in pediatric eyes.
Nihalani BR, VanderVeen DK.Ophthalmology. 2010 Aug;117(8):1493-9. Epub 2010 May 13.
18. Absorption, refraction and scattering in analyzer-based imaging: comparison of different algorithms. Diemoz PC, Coan P, Glaser C, Bravin A.Opt Express. 2010 Feb 15;18(4):3494-509.
19. Wave aberration of human eyes and new descriptors of image optical quality and visual performance. Lombardo M, Lombardo G.J Cataract Refract Surg. 2010 Feb;36(2):313-31. Review.
20. Zernike radial slope polynomials for wavefront reconstruction and refraction.
Nam J, Thibos LN, Iskander DR.J Opt Soc Am A Opt Image Sci Vis. 2009 Apr;26(4):1035-48.
21. The prescribing of prisms in clinical practice. Gray LS.Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2008 May;246(5):627-9. Epub 2008 Apr.
22. Prescribing spectacles in children: a pediatric ophthalmologist's approach. Donahue SP.Optom Vis Sci. 2007 Feb;84(2):110-4. Review.
23. The effect of anisometropia on binocular visual function. Dadeya S, Kamlesh, Shibal F.Indian J Ophthalmol. 2001 Dec;49(4):261-3.
24. A survey of clinical prescribing philosophies for hyperopia. Lyons SA, Jones LA, Walline JJ, Bartolone AG, Carlson NB, Kattouf V, Harris M, Moore B, Mutti DO, Twelker JD.Optom Vis Sci. 2004 Apr;81(4):233-7.
25. Spectacle prescribing recommendations of AAPOS Members. Miller JM, Harvey EM.J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus. 1998 Jan-Feb;35(1):51-2.
26. Refractive changes in the elderly. Bengtsson B, Grødum K.Acta Ophthalmol Scand. 1999 Feb;77(1):37-9.
27. Contemporary management of aniseikonia. Achiron LR, Witkin N, Primo S, Broocker G.Surv Ophthalmol. 1997 Jan-Feb;41(4):321-30. Review.
28. Prescribing for noncontact sports. Classé JG. Optom Clin. 1993;3(1):111-28. Review.
29. Prescribing for contact sports. Vinger PF.Optom Clin. 1993;3(1):129-43. Review.
30. Presbyopia and ocular motor balance. Hanlon SD.J Am Optom Assoc. 1984 May;55(5):341-3.
31. Recent advances in clinical low-vision care. Bailey IL.Int Rehabil Med. 1983;5(3):106-10. Review.
32. Prescribing glasses for myopia. Milder B. Ophthalmology. 1979 May;86(5):706-12.
33. Defects of vision through aphakic spectacle lenses. Dabezies OH Jr. Ophthalmology. 1979 Mar;86(3):352-79.


II. Cataract and Lens

American Academy of Ophthalmology Basic and Clinical Science Courses
1. AAO Basic and Clinical Science Course. Section 11: Lens and Cataract. San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2010.
2. AAO Basic and Clinical Science Course. Section 2: Fundamentals and Principles of Ophthalmology (formerly Lens anatomy, biochemistry, metabolism, and embryology). San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2010.
3. AAO Basic and Clinical Science Course. Section 3: Clinical Optics. San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2010.

Publications
1. Henderson B. Essentials of cataract surgery. Thorofare, NJ: Slack, Inc., 2007.
2. Seibel BS. Phacodynamics: mastering the tools and techniques of phacoemulsification surgery. 4th ed. Thorofare, NJ: Slack, Inc., 2004.
3. Kim T, Oetting TA, Chang DF. Curbside consultation in cataract surgery. Thorofare, NJ: Slack, Inc., 2007.
4. Chang DF. Phaco chop: mastering techniques, optimizing technology, and avoiding complications. Thorofare, NJ: Slack, 2000.
5. Natchiar G. Aravind guide to small incision cataract surgery. 2004.
6. Cohen, Kenneth L., Orbis Cataract Training Website: http://telemedicine.orbis.org/learning/bins/login.asp?cid=740 (Apply for user account).
7. Oetting TA. Cataract Surgery for Greenhorns. Coralville, IA: MedRounds Publications, 2005. [Available from: http://www.medrounds.org/cataract-surgery-greenhorns].
8. Oetting TA. Cataract Surgery for Greenhorns. blog. [Available from: http://www.cataractsurgeryforgreenhorns.blogspot.net].
9. Oetting TA. Facebook Cataract Surgery. Video blog. [Available from: http://www.facebook.com/cataract.surgery].
10. CRST Virtual Textbook of Cataract Surgery. David F. Chang, MD, . http://www.crstoday.com/cvt/
11. Colvard DM (editor). Achieving Excellence in Cataract Surgery. A Step-by-Step Approach. Thorofare, NJ. Slack. 2009.

III. Contact Lens

Publications
1. Gasson A, Morris A J. The Contact Lens Manual. A practical guide to fitting. 4th ed. Butterworth Heinemann Elsevier, 2010.
2. Malet F. Les Lentilles de Contact. Societé Francaise d’Opftalmologie. Masson Elsevier, 2009.
3. Eye and Contact Lens: Science and Clinical Practice (CLAO Journal). Available from http://www.claojournal.org.
4. Optometry and Visual Science. (Journal of the American Academy of Optometry). Available from http://journals.lww.com/optvissci/pages/default.aspx
5. Investigative Ophthalmology and Visual Science. Available from http://www.iovs.org.
6. Contact Lens and Anterior Eye (Journal of the British Contact Lens Association). Available from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journals
7. American Academy of Ophthalmology Basic and Clinical Science Course. AAO Basic and Clinical Science Course. Section 3: Optics, Refraction, and Contact Lenses. San Francisco: 2009-2010, American Academy of Ophthalmology.
8. Stein HA, Freeman MI, Stein RM, Maund LD: CLAO Residents Contact Lens Curriculum Manual, Third edition, Metairie, LA, Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, 2004.
9. Kastl PR (ed): Contact Lenses: The CLAO Guide to Basic Science and Clinical Practice, Dubuque, IA, Kendall/Hunt Publishing Co, 1994.
10. Key JE II (ed): The CLAO Pocket Guide to Contact Lens Fitting, ed 2, New Orleans, Contact Lens Association of Ophthalmologists, 1998.

IV. Cornea and External Diseases

Books
1. Basic and Clinical Science Course. Section 8: External Disease and Cornea. San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology, 2010.
2. Krachmer JH, Mannis MJ, Holland EJ. Cornea: Fundamentals, Diagnosis, and Management 3 ed. Mosby Elsevier, 2011.
3. Yanoff N, Duker JS. Ophthalmology 3 ed. Mosby Elsevier, 2009 (Chapter 4).
4. Friedman NJ, Kaiser PK, Trattler WB. Review of Ophthalmology. Elseview Saunders 2005, Philadelphia. Pp 197-234.
5. Vajpayee RB. Corneal Transplantation 2nd edition. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd, New Delhi.
6. Coster D. Cornea (Fundamentals of Clinical Ophthalmology Series). Blackwell Publishing Limited.

Journal Article
1. Weiss JS, Moller HU, Lisch W, Kinoshita S, Aldave AJ, Belin MW, Kivela T, Busin M, Muniew FL, Seitz B, Sutphin J, Bredrup C, Mannis MJ, Rapuano C, Van Rij G, Kim EK, Klintworth GK. The IC3D Classification of Corneal Dystrophies. Cornea 2008; 27:S1–S42.

Other
1. American Academy of Ophthalmology EyeWiki Cornea/External Disease
http://eyewiki.aao.org/Category:Cornea/External_Disease
2. University of Arizona Hereditary Ocular Disease
3. University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics Eye Rounds
http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/atlas/indexes/Cornea.html
4. University of Iowa Hospital and Clinics Eye Rounds – Case Presentations
http://webeye.ophth.uiowa.edu/eyeforum/cases.htm (Cornea and Anterior Segment tab)
5. Columbia Digital Reference of Ophthalmology Cornea and External Disease
http://dro.hs.columbia.edu/ced1.htm
6. Online Journal of Ophthalmology Atlas of Ophthalmology - Cornea
http://www.atlasophthalmology.com/atlas/folder.jsf?node=922&locale=en

Suggested Journals
1. Cornea: The Journal of Cornea and External Disease http://journals.lww.com/corneajrnl/pages/default.aspx
2. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery

V. Refractive Surgery
Books
1. American Academy of Ophthalmology Basic and Clinical Science Course – Refractive Surgery Section 13.
2. Agarwal A, Agarwal A, Jacob Soosan. Refractive Surgery 2nd edition. Jaypee, 2009.
3. Gimbel HV, Penno EEA. LASIK Complications, Prevention and management 2nd edition. Slack Inc., 2001.
4. Alio JL, Azar DT. Management of Complications of Refractive Surgery. Springer, 2010.
5. Talamo JH, Krueger RR. The Excimer Laser, A Clinician’s Guide to Excimer Laser Surgery. Little, Brown and Company Inc., 1997.
6. Yanoff M, Duker JS. Ophthalmology, 2nd edition. Mosby, 2008.
7. Holladay JT. Quality of Vision: Essential Optics for the Cataract and Refractive Surgeon. Slack Inc., 2006.

Online Education
1. International Society of Refractive Surgery; Multimedia Library: www.aao.org/isrs/resources/isrs-multimedia-library.cfm
2. American Academy of Ophthalmology EyeWiki – refractive Management and Intervention: http://eyewiki.aao.org/Category:Refractive_Management/Intervention
3. ONE Network: http://one.aao.org

Suggested Journals
1. Journal of Refractive Surgery. http://www.aao.org/isrs/resources/jrs.cfm
2. Journal of Cataract and Refractive Surgery. http://ees.elsevier.com/jcrs/
3. Ophthalmology. http://www.aao.org
4. American Journal of Ophthalmology. http://www.ajo.com/

VI. Glaucoma

Clinical Trials
1. Beck RW. Sample size for a clinical trial: Why do some trials need only 100 patients and others 1000 patients or more? (Editorial) Ophthalmology 2006;113:721-722.
2. Chaudhary O, Adelman RA, Shields MB. Predicting response to glaucoma therapy in one eye based on response in the fellow eye. The Monocular Trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:1216-1220.
3. Fletcher AE. Controversy over "contradiction": should randomized trials always trump observational studies? Am J Ophthalmol 2009;147:384-386.
4. Greenfield DS, Weinreb RN. Role of optic nerve imaging in glaucoma clinical practice and clinical trials. Am J Ophthalmol 2008;145:598-603.
5. Jampel HD, Friedman DS, Lubomski LH: Methodologic rigor of clinical trials on surgical management of eyes with coexisting cataract and glaucoma. Ophthalmology 2002;109:1892-1901.
6. Kupfer C: The randomized clinical trial in glaucoma. Ophthalmol Clin NA 1991, 4:819-826.
7. Lai TY, Wong VW, Lam RF, Cheng AC, Lam DS, Leung GM. Quality of reporting of key methodological items of randomized controlled trials in clinical ophthalmic journals. Ophthalmic Epidemiol. 2007 Nov-Dec;14(6):390-8.
8. Lichter PR: Patient recruitment for clinical trials (editorial). Ophthalmology 1991, 98:1489-1490.
9. Lichter PR, Musch DC, Janz NK. The investigators' perspective on the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study (CIGTS). Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:122-124.
10. Llorca J, Martinez-Sanz F, Prieto-Salceda D, et al. Quality of controlled clinical trials on glaucoma and intraocular high pressure. J Glaucoma. 2005;14:190-195.
11. Maier PC, Funk J, Schwarzer G, et al. Treatment of ocular hypertension and open angle glaucoma: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Br Med J 2005;331:134-9.
12. Parrish RK II: Learning from surgical failures: An argument for clinical trials (editorial). Ophthalmology 2002;109:1045-1046. [Good list of references].
13. Realini TD. A prospective, randomized, investigator-masked evaluation of the monocular trial in ocular hypertension or open-angle glaucoma. Ophthalmology 2009;116:1237-1242.
14. Singh, K. The randomized clinical trial: beware of limitations (editorial). J Glaucoma. 2004;13:87-89.
15. Stewart WC, Jenkins JN. Predictive value of the efficacy of glaucoma medications in regulatory trials: Phase I-III to post-marketing studies. Eye 2008;22:985-988.
16. Takahashi M, Higashide T, Sakurai M, et al. Discrepancy of the intraocular pressure response between fellow eyes in one-eye trials versus bilateral treatment: verification with normal subjects. J Glaucoma 2008;17:169-174.

17. Thomas R, Kumar RS, Chandrasekhar G, et al. Applying the recent clinical trials on primary open angle glaucoma: The developing world perspective. J Glaucoma. 2005;14:324-327.
18. Van der Valk R, Webers CAB, Schouten JSAG, et al: IOP-lowering effects of all commonly used glaucoma drugs: a meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Ophthalmology 2005;112:1177-1185.
19. Varma R, Hwang L-J, Grunden JW, et al. Inter-visit intraocular pressure range: an alternative parameter for assessing intraocular pressure control in clinical trials. Am J Ophthalmol 2008;145:336-342.
20. Weinreb RN, Kaufman PL. The Glaucoma Research Community and FDA look to the future: A report from the NEI/FDA CDER Glaucoma Clinical Trial Design and Endpoints Symposium. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:1497-1505.
21. Wilson MR, Gaasterland D: Translating research into Practice: Controlled clinical trials and their influence on glaucoma management. J Glaucoma 1996;5:139-146.

African Descent and Glaucoma Evaluation Study (ADAGES)
1. Sample PA, Girkin CA, Zangwill LM, et al. The African descent and glaucoma evaluation study (ADAGES). Design and baseline data. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127:1136-1145.

Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS)
1. Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study Investigators, The: Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study. 2. visual field test scoring and reliability. Ophthalmology 1994;101:144-1455.
2. AGIS Investigators, The: The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 1. Study design and methods and baseline characteristics of study patients. Controlled Clin Trials 1994;15:299-325.
3. AGIS Investigators, The: The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 7. The relationship between control of IOP and visual field deterioration. Am J Ophthalmol 2000;130:429-440.
4. AGIS Investigators, The: AGIS: 2. VF test scoring and reliability. Ophthalmology 1994;101:1445-1455.
5. The AGIS Investigators: The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 3. Baseline characteristics of black and white patients. Ophthalmology 1998;105:1137-1145.
6. AGIS Investigators, The: The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 4. Comparison of treatment outcomes within race: Seven-year results. Ophthalmology 1998;105:1146-1164.
7. AGIS Investigators, The: The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 6. Effect of cataract on visual field and visual acuity. Arch Ophthalmol 2000;118:1639-1652.
8. AGIS Investigators, The: The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study, 8: risk of cataract formation after trabeculectomy. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1771-1780
9. AGIS Investigators: The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 9. Comparison of glaucoma outcomes in black and white patients with in treatment groups. Am J Ophthalmol 2001;132:311-320.
10. Gaasterland DE, Blackwell B, Dally LG: The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 10. Variability among academic glaucoma subspecialists in assessing optic disc notching. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 2001;99:177-185.
11. AGIS Investigators, The: The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 11. Risk factors for failure of trabeculectomy and ALT. Am J Ophthalmol 2002;134:381-498.
12. AGIS Investigators, The: The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 12. Baseline risk factors for sustained loss of visual field and visual acuity in patients with advanced glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol 2002;134:499-512.
13. AGIS Investigators, The: The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 13. Comparison of treatment outcomes within race: 10-year results. Ophthalmology 2004;111:651-664.
14. Brown RH, et al: The advanced glaucoma intervention study (AGIS). 1. Study design and methods and baseline characteristics of study patients. Controlled Clin Trials 1994;15:299-325.
15. Caprioli J, Nouri-Mahdavi K, Badala F. Prognostic factors for visual field progression in the advanced glaucoma intervention study: a recursive partitioning analysis. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc. 2006;104.
16. Nouri-Mahdavi K, Hoffman D, Coleman A, et al: Predictive factors for glaucomatous visual field progression in the advanced glaucoma intervention study. Ophthalmology 2004;111:1627-1635.
17. Schwartz AL, Van Veldhuisen PC, Gaasterland DE, et al: The Advanced Glaucoma Intervention Study (AGIS): 5. Encapsulated bleb after initial trabeculectomy. Am J Ophthalmol 1999;127:8-19.
18. Caprioli J., Coleman A.L. Intraocular pressure fluctuation a risk factor for visual field progression at low intraocular pressures in the advanced glaucoma intervention study. Ophthalmology 2008; Jul;115(7): 1123-1129-Epub 2008 Feb 20.
19. Coleman A.L., Caprioli J. The logic behind target intraocular pressure. Am J Ophthalmol. 2009 March 157;(3):379-80.
American Chinese Glaucoma Imaging Study
1. Leung C K-s, Medeiros FA, Zangwill LM, et al. American Chinese Glaucoma Imaging Study: a comparison of the optic disc and retinal nerve fiber layer in detecting glaucomatous damage. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:2644-2652.

Baltimore Eye Survey
1. Katz J, Gilbert D, Quigley HA, Sommer A. Estimating progression of visual field loss in glaucoma. Ophthalmology. 1997;104:1017-25.
2. Rahmani B, Tielsch JM, Katz J, Gottsch J, Quigley H, Javitt J, Sommer A. The cause-specific prevalence of visual impairment in an urban population. The Baltimore Eye Survey. Ophthalmology. 1996;103:1721-6.
3. Tielsch JM, Katz J, Sommer A, Quigley HA, Javitt JC. Family history and risk of primary open angle glaucoma. The Baltimore Eye Survey. Arch Ophthalmol. 1994;112:69-73.
4. Tielsch JM, Katz J, Singh K, Quigley HA, Gottsch JD, Javitt J, Sommer A. A population-based evaluation of glaucoma screening: the Baltimore Eye Survey. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;134:1102-10.
5. Tielsch JM, Sommer A, Katz J, Royall RM, Quigley HA, Javitt J. Racial variations in the prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma. The Baltimore Eye Survey. JAMA. 1991;266:369-74.

Barbados Eye Study
1. Hennis A, Wu SY, Nemesure B, Honkanen R, Leske MC; Barbados Eye Studies Group. Awareness of incident open-angle glaucoma in a population study: the Barbados Eye Studies. Ophthalmology. 2007;114:1816-21.
2. Leske MC, Wu SY, Hennis A, Honkanen R, Nemesure B; BESs Study Group. Risk factors for incident open-angle glaucoma: the Barbados Eye Studies. Ophthalmology. 2008;115:85-93.
3. Leske MC, Connell AM, Wu SY, Nemesure B, Li X, Schachat A, Hennis A. Incidence of open-angle glaucoma: the Barbados Eye Studies. The Barbados Eye Studies Group. Arch Ophthalmol. 2001;119:89-95.
4. Leske MC, Connell AM, Wu SY, Hyman L, Schachat AP. Distribution of intraocular pressure. The Barbados Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1997;115:1051-7.
5. Leske MC, Connell AM, Wu SY, Hyman LG, Schachat AP. Risk factors for open-angle glaucoma. The Barbados Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 1995;113:918-24.

Beijing Eye Study
1. Jonas JB, Xu L, Wang YX. The Beijing Eye Study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2009;87:247-261.
2. Wang S, Xu L, Jonas JB, et al. Major eye diseases and risk factors associated with systemic hypertension in an adult Chinese population: The Beijing Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2009;116:2373-2380.
3. Wang YX, Xu L, Yang H, et al. Prevalence of glaucoma in north China: the Beijing Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2010;150:917-924.
4. Wang YX, Xu L, Zhang RX, et al. Frequency-doubling threshold perimetry in predicting glaucoma in a population-based study: The Beijing Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:1402-1406.
5. Xu L, Li JJ, Xia CR, et al. Anterior chamber depth correlated with anthropomorphic measurements: the Beijing Eye Study. Eye 2009;23:632-634.
6. Xu L, Wang YW, Jonas JB, et al. Ocular hypertension and diabetes mellitus in the Beijing Eye Study. J Glaucoma 2009;18:21-25.
7. Xu L. Wang H, Wang Y, et al. Intraocular pressure correlated with arterial blood pressure: the Beijing Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;144:461-462.
8. Xu L, Wang Y, Yang H, et al. Differences in parapapillary atrophy between glaucomatous and normal eyes: The Beijing Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;144:541-546.
9. Xu L, Wang Y, Yang H, et al. Size of the neuroretinal rim and optic cup and their correlations with ocular and general parameters in adult Chinese: the Beijing eye study. Br J Ophthalmol 2007;91:1616-1619.
10. Xu L, Wang YX, Yang H, et al. Follow-up of glaucomatous eyes with optic disc haemorrhages: the Beijing Eye Study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2009;87:235.
11. Xu L, Wang YX, Wang J, et al. Mortality and ocular diseases: The Beijing Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2009;116:732-738.
12. Xu L, Wang YX, Jonas JB. Glaucoma and mortality in the Beijing Eye Study. Eye 2008;22:434-438.
13. Xu L, Wang YX, Jonas JB. Ocular perfusion pressure and glaucoma: the Beijing Eye Study. Eye 2009;23:734-736.
14. Xu L, Wang YX, Wang J, et al. Mortality and ocular diseases: The Beijing Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2009;116:732-738.
15. Xu L, Wang YX, Yang H, et al. Follow-up of glaucomatous eyes with optic disc haemorrhages: the Beijing Eye Study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2009;87:235.
16. You QS, Xu L, Xing Y, et al. Prevalence of optic disc drusen in an adult Chinese population: the Beijing Eye Study. Acta Ophthalmol. 2009;87:227-228.

Blue Mountains Eye Study
1. Crowston JG, Hopley CR, Healey PR, Lee A, Mitchell P; Blue Mountains Eye Study. The effect of optic disc diameter on vertical cup to disc ratio percentiles in a population based cohort: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Br J Ophthalmol. 2004 Jun;88(6):766-70.
2. Lee AJ, Wang JJ, Rochtchina E, Healey P, Chia EM, Mitchell P. Patterns of glaucomatous visual field defects in an older population: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2003 Aug;31(4):331-5.
3. Healey PR, Mitchell P. Optic disk size in open-angle glaucoma: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 1999 Oct;128(4):515-7.
4. Ong LS, Mitchell P, Healey PR, Cumming RG. Asymmetry in optic disc parameters: the Blue Mountains Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999 Apr;40(5):849-57.
5. Mitchell P, Smith W, Attebo K, Healey PR. Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma in Australia. The Blue Mountains Eye Study. Ophthalmology. 1996;103(10):1661-9.

Canadian Glaucoma Study
1. Chauhan BC, Mikelberg FS, Balaszi AG, et al. Canadian Glaucoma Study: 2.
Risk factors for the progression of open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmol
2008;126:1030-1036.
Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study (CIGTS)
1. Gillespie BW, Musch DC, Guire KE, et al: The CIGTS: Baseline VF and test-retest variability. IOVS 2003;44:2613-2620.
2. Janz NK, Wren PA, Lichter PR, Musch DC, Gillespie BW, Guire KE, The CIGTS Group: Quality of life in newly diagnosed glaucoma patients. The Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study. Ophthalmology 2001;108:887-898.
3. Janz NK, Wren PA, Guire KE, et al. Fear of blindness in the collaborative initial glaucoma treatment study: patterns and correlates over time. Ophthalmology 2007;114:2213-2220.
4. Janz NK, Wren PA, Lichter PR, et al: The Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study. Interim quality of life findings after initial medical or surgical treatment of glaucoma. Ophthalmology 2001;108:1954-1965.
5. Lichter PR, Musch DC, Gillespie BW, et al: Interim clinical outcomes in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study comparing initial treatment randomized to medications or surgery. Ophthalmology 2001;108:1943-1953.
6. Mills RP, Janz NK, Wren PA, Guire KE, CI:GTS Study Group: Correlation of visual field with quality-of-life measures at diagnosis in the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study (CIGTS). J Glaucoma 2001;10:192-198.
7. Musch DC, Gillespie BW, Motyka BM, et al: Converting to SITA-standard from full-threshold visual field testing in the follow-up phase of a clinical trial. IOVS 2005;46:2755-2769.
8. Musch DC, Lichter PR, Guire KE, Standardi CL, and the CIGTS Study Group. The Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study. Study design, methods, and baseline characteristics of enrolled patients. Ophthalmology 1999;106:653-662.
9. Pasquale LR. Optimizing therapy for newly diagnosed open-angle glaucoma: lessons learned from the Collaborative Initial Glaucoma Treatment Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2008;126:125-127.

Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study
1. Drance S, Anderson DR , Schulzer M. Risk factors for progression of visual field abnormalities in normal tension glaucoma. Am J Ophthalmol. 2001;131:699-708.
2. Drance SM. The Collaborative Normal-Tension Glaucoma Study, (and some of its lessons). Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. February 1999;34:1-6.

Diagnostic Innovations in Glaucoma Study
1. Hoffmann EM, Boden C, Zangwill LM, et al. Intereye spatial relationship of abnormal neuroretinal rim locations in glaucoma patients from the diagnostic innovations in glaucoma study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;143:781-787.
2. Pascual JP, Schiefer U, Paetzold J, et al. Spatial characteristics of visual field progression determined by Monte Carlo simulation: diagnostic innovations in glaucoma study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:1642-1650.

Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial Group (EMGT)
1. Bengtsson B., Leske M.C., Hyman L., Heijl A. Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial Group. Fluctuation and intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression in the early manifest glaucoma trial. Ophthalmology. 2007 Sep 112(9): 1505-13.
2. Bengtsson B., Leske C., Hyman L., Yang Z., Heijl A: EMGT group. Disc hemmorrhages and treatment in the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial. Ophthalmology. 2008 Nov;115(15):2244-8.

3. Hyman L., Heijl A., Leske C., Bengtsson B., Yang Z. Early Manifest Glaucoma trial Group. Natural history of intraocular pressure in the early manifest glaucoma trial: a 6-year follow-up. Arch Ophthalmol 2010:May 128(5):601-7.
4. Bengtsson B, Leske C, Hyman L, et al. Fluctuation of intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression in the early manifest glaucoma trial. Ophthalmology 2007;114:205-209.
5. Heijl A, Leske MC, Bengtsson B, Hyman L, Bengtsson B, Hussein M; Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial Group. Reduction of intraocular pressure and glaucoma progression: results from the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial. Arch Ophthalmol 2002;120:1268-1279.
6. Leske MC, Heijl A, Hussein M, et al: Factors for glaucoma progression and the effect of treatment. The Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial. Arch Ophthalmol 2003;121:48-56.
7. Leske MC, Heijl A, Hyman L, Bengtsson B, the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial Group. Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial. Design and baseline data. Ophthalmology 1999;106:2144-2153.
8. Leske MC, Heijl A, Hyman L, et al. Predictors of long-term progression in the Early Manifest Glaucoma Trial. Ophthalmology 2007;114:1965-1972.
European Glaucoma Prevention Study (EGPS)
1. European Glaucoma Prevention Study (EGPS) Group: Results of the European Glaucoma Prevention Study. Ophthalmology 2005;112:366-375.
2. European Glaucoma Prevention Study Group. Central corneal thickness in the European Glaucoma Prevention Study. Ophthalmology 2007;114:454-459.
3. European Glaucoma Prevention Study (EGPS) Group. Predictive factors for open-angle glaucoma patients with ocular hypertension in the European Glaucoma Prevention Study. Ophthalmology 2007;114:3-9.
4. Miglior S, Torri V, Zeyen T, et al. Intercurrent factors associated with the development of open-angle glaucoma in the European Glaucoma Prevention Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144:266-275.
5. Mills RP. Diuretics, placebos, and the European Glaucoma Prevention Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144:290-291.
Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study (FFSS)
1. Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study Group. Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study one-year follow-up. Am J Ophthalmol. 1989;108:625-35.
2. Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study Group: Risk factors for suprachoroidal hemorrhage after filtering surgery. Am J Ophthalmol. 1992;113:501-7.
3. Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study Group: Three-year follow-up of the Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993.115:82-92.
4. Parrish RK, and The Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study Group: Five-year follow-up of the Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study.. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;121:349-66.
5. Van Buskirk, EM and The Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study Group. Five-year follow-up of the Fluorouracil Filtering Surgery Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 1996;122:751-2.
Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT)
1. Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group: The Glaucoma Laser Trial. I. Acute effects of argon laser trabeculoplasty on intraocular pressure. Arch Ophthalmol. 1989;107:1135-42.
2. Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group: The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT). 2. Results of argon laser trabeculoplasty versus topical medicines. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:1403-13.
3. Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group: The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT): 3. Design and methods. Control Clinical Trials. 1991;12:504-24.
4. Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group: The Glaucoma Laser Trial: 4. Contralateral effects of timolol on the intraocular pressure of eyes treated with ALT. Ophthalmic Surgery, 1991;22:324-9.
5. Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group: The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT): 5. Subgroup differences at enrollment. Ophthalmic Surgery. 1993;232-40.
6. Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group: The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT): 6. Treatment group differences in visual field changes. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1995;120:10-22.
7. Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group. The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT) and glaucoma laser trial follow-up study: 7. Results. Am J Ophthalmol 1995;120:718-31.
8. Lichter, R. P., Practice implications of the Glaucoma Laser Trial. Ophthalmology. 1990;97:1401-2.
9. Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group. American Journal of Ophthalmology. 1995;120:718-31.
10. Glaucoma Laser Trial Research Group: Glaucoma Laser Trial Follow-up Study (GLTFS) The Glaucoma Laser Trial (GLT) and glaucoma laser trial follow-up study, (7 Results).
Guangzhou Twin Eye Study
1. He M, Ge J, Wang D, et al. Heritability of the iridotrabecular angle width measured by optical coherence tomorgraphy in Chinese children: The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49:1356-1361.
2. He M, Liu B, Huang W, et al. Heritability of optic disc and cup measured by the Heidelberg retinal tomography in Chinese: The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49:1350-1355.
3. He M, Wang D, Console JW, et al. Distribution and heritability of iris thickness and pupil size in Chinese: The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:1593-1597.
4. He M, Wang D, Zheng Y, et al. Heritability of anterior chamber depth as an intermediate phenotype of angle-closure in Chinese: The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2008;49:81-86.
5. Zheng Y, Xiang F, Huang W. Distribution and heritability of intraocular pressure in Chinese children: The Guangzhou Twin Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2009;50:2040-2043.
Liwan Eye Study
1. He M, Huang W, Friedman DS, et al. Slit lamp-simulated oblique flashlight test in the detection of narrow angles in Chinese eyes: The Liwan Eye Study. Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 2007;48:5459-5463.
2. Huang S, Zheng Y, Foster PJ, et al. Prevalence and causes of visual impairment in Chinese adults in urban southern China: The Liwan Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2009;127:1362-1367. K: epidem
3. Jiang Y, He M, Huang W, et al. Qualitative assessment of ultrasound biomicroscopic images using standard photographs: The Liwan Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:2035-2042.
4. Kong X, Foster PJ, Huang Q, et al. Appositional closure identified by ultrasound biomicroscopy in population-based primary angle closure suspects-the Liwan eye study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci: Epub Feb 25, 2011.

Low-Pressure Glaucoma Treatment Study (LOGTS)
1. Krupin T, Liebmann JM, Greenfield DS, et al. A randomized trial of brimonidine versus timolol in preserving visual function: results from the Low-pressure Glaucoma Treatment Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2011;151:671-681.
Los Angeles Latino Eye Study
1. Memazardeh F., Ying-Lai M., Chung J., Azen S.P., Varma R. Los Angeles Latino Eye Study group. Blood pressure, perfusion pressure, and open-angle glaucoma: The Los Angeles Latina Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010 Jun;51(6):2872-7. Epub Jan 2010 20.
2. Aung T. Eye disease in Latinos: insights from the Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2010;149:697-698.
3. Chopra V, Varma R, Francis BA, et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of open-angle glaucoma: The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2008;115:227-232.
4. Francis BA, Varma R, Vigen C, et al. Population and high risk group screening for glaucoma: the Los Angeles Latino eye study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci: Epub Jan 18 2011.
5. Kuzin AA, Varma R, Reddy HS, et al. Ocular biometry and open-angle glaucoma: The Los Angeles Latino Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2010;117:1713-1719.

Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS)
1. Cioffi GA, Liebmann JM: Translating the OHTS results into clinical practice (editorial). J Glaucoma 2002;11:375-377.
2. Coleman AL, Gordon MO, Beiser JA, et al: Baseline risk factors for the development of POAG in the OHTS. Am J Ophthalmol 2004;138:684-685.
3. Gordon MO, Beiser JA, Brandt JD, Heuer, et al The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: baseline factors that predict the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmology. 2002;120:714-20; discussion 829-30.
4. Gordon MO, Kass MA, for the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study Group: The ocular hypertension treatment Study. Design and baseline description of the participants. Arch Ophthalmol 1999;117:573-583.
5. Henson DB, Shambhu S. Relative risk of progressive glaucomatous visual field loss in patients enrolled and not enrolled in a prospective longitudinal study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2006;124:1405-1408.
6. Herman DC, Gordon MO, Beiser BA, et al. Topical ocular hypotensive medication and lens opacification: evidence from the ocular hypertension treatment study. Am J Ophthalmol 2006;142:800-810.
7. Higginbotham E, Gordon MO, Beiser JA, et al: The OHTS: Topical medication delays or prevents POAG in African American individuals. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:813-821.
8. Jampel HD: We should treat fewer patients with elevated IOP now that we know the results of the OHTS. Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:378-380.
9. Kass MA. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. J Glaucoma 1994: 3; 97-100.
10. Kass MA, Heuer DK, Higginbotham EJ, et al. The Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study: a randomized trial determines that topical ocular hypotensive medication delays or prevents the onset of primary open-angle glaucoma. Arch Ophthalmology. 2002;120:701-13; discussion 829-30.
11. Keltner JL, Johnson CA, Cello KE, et al. Visual field quality control in the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study (OHTS). J Glaucoma 2007;16:665-669.
12. Keltner JL, Johnson CA, Levine RA, et al: Normal VF test results following glaucomatous VF end points in the OHTS. Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123:1201-1206.
13. Keltner JL, Johnson CA, Quigg JM, Cello KE, et al. Confirmation of visual field abnormalities in the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study Group. Arch Ophthalmol. 2000;118:1187-94.
14. Kymes SM, Kass MA, Anderson DR, et al. Management of ocular hypertension: a cost-effectiveness approach from the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2006;141:997-1008.
15. Levine RA, Demirel S, Fan J, et al. Asymmetries and visual field summaries as predictors of glaucoma in the ocular hypertension treatment study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2006;47:3896-3903.
16. Mansberger SL, Hughes BA, Gordon MO, et al. Comparison of initial intraocular pressure response with topical b-adrenergic antagonists and prostaglandin analogues in African American and White individuals in the Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:454-459. K:
17. Ocular Hypertension Treatment Study Group, European Glaucoma Prevention Study Group. Validated prediction model for the development of primary open-angle glaucoma in individuals with ocular hypertension. Ophthalmology 2007;114:10-19.
18. Palmberg P: Answers from the OHTS (editorial). Arch Ophthalmol 2002;120:829-830.
19. Robin AL, Frick KD: The OHTS: IOP lowering prevents the development of glaucoma, but does that mean we should treat before the onset of disease? Arch Ophthalmol 2004;122:376-378.
20. Zangwill LM, Weinreb RN, Beiser JA, et al: Baseline topographic optic disc measurements are associated with the development of POAG. Arch Ophthalmol 2005;123:1188-1197.

Rotterdam Study
1. Ramdas WD, Wolfs RC, Hofman A, de Jong PT, Vingerling JR, Jansonius NM. Lifestyle and risk of developing open-angle glaucoma: the Rotterdam study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2011;129:767-72.
2. Hulsman CA, Vingerling JR, Hofman A, Witteman JC, de Jong PT. Blood pressure, arterial stiffness, and open-angle glaucoma: the Rotterdam study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:805-12.
3. Wolfs RC, Borger PH, Ramrattan RS, Klaver CC, Hulsman CA, Hofman A, Vingerling JR, Hitchings RA, de Jong PT. Changing views on open-angle glaucoma: definitions and prevalences--The Rotterdam Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:3309-21.
4. Dielemans I, Vingerling JR, Wolfs RC, Hofman A, Grobbee DE, de Jong PT. The prevalence of primary open-angle glaucoma in a population-based study in The Netherlands. The Rotterdam Study. Ophthalmology. 1994;101:1851-5.

Singapore Malay Eye Study
1. Jeganathan VSE, Wong TY, Foster PJ, et al. Peripheral artery disease and glaucoma: The Singapore Malay Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127:888-893.
2. Koh V, Cheung C Y-l, Zheng Y, et al. Relationship of retinal vascular tortuosity with the neuroretinal rim: The Singapore Malay Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:3736-3741.
3. Nongpiur ME, Wong TY, Sabanayagam C, et al. Chronic kidney disease and intraocular pressure: The Singapore Malay Eye Study. Ophthalmology 2010;117:477-483.
4. Perera SA, Wong TY, Tay W-T, et al. Refractive error, axial dimensions, and primary open-angle glaucoma: The Singapore Malay Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2010;128:900-905.
5. Tan GS, Wong TY, Fond C-W, et al. Diabetes, metabolic abnormalities, and glaucoma: The Singapore Malay Eye Study. Arch Ophthalmol 2009;127:1354-1361.
6. Wu R-Y, Zheng Y-F, Wong Ti-Y, et al. Relationship of Central Corneal Thickness with Optic Disc Parameters: The Singapore Malay Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011;52:1320-1324.
7. Zheng Y, Wong TY, Mitchell P, et al. Distribution of ocular perfusion pressure and its relationship with open-angle glaucoma: The Singapore Malay Eye Study. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:3399-3404.
Tajimi Study
1. Saito H, Tsutsumi T, Araie M, Tomidokoro A, Iwase A. Heidelberg retina tomograph II version 3.0 in a population-based study: The Tajimi Study. Ophthalmology 2009;116:1854-1861.
2. Kawase K, Tomidokoro A, Araie M, et al. Ocular and systemic factors related to intraocular pressure in Japanese adults: the Tajimi study. Br J Ophthalmol 2008;92:1175-1179.
3. Saito H, Tsutsumi T, Araie M, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of the Heidelberg retina tomograph II version 3.0 in a population-based study: The Tajimi Study. Ophthalmology 2009;116:1854-1861.

Tanjong Pagar Study
1. How ACS, Tan GSW, Chan Y-H, et al. Population prevalence of tilted and torted optic discs among an adult Chinese population in Singapore: The Tanjong Pagar Study. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127:894-899.

Thessaloniki Eye Study
1. Topouzis F., Wilson M.R., Harris A., Founti P., Yu F., Anastasopoulos E., pappas T., Koskosas A., Salonikiou A., Coleman A.L. Risk factors for primary open-angle glaucoma and pseudoexfoliative glaucoma in the Thessaloniki Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2011 Jun 9.(Epub ahead of print).
2. Jonas JB. Association of blood pressure status with the optic disk structure. Am J Ophthalmol 2006;142:144-145.
3. Parrish II RK. Thessaloniki Eye Study: the importance of recognizing pseudoexfoliation. Am J Ophthalmol 2009;148:482-483.
4. Topouzis F, Coleman AL, Harris A, et al. Association of blood pressure status with the optic disk structure in non-glaucoma subjects: The Thessaloniki Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2006;142:60-67. K: clinical trials
5. Topouzis F, Coleman AL, Harris A, et al. Factors associated with undiagnosed open-angle glaucoma: The Thessaloniki Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2008;145:327-335.
6. Topouzis F, Harris A, Wilson MR, et al. Increased likelihood of glaucoma at the same screening intraocular pressure in subjects with pseudoexfoliation: The Thessaloniki Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol 2009;148:606-613.
7. Topouzis F, Wilson MR, Harris A, Anastasopoulos E, Yu F, Mavroudis L, Pappas T, Koskosas A, Coleman AL. Prevalence of open-angle glaucoma in Greece: the Thessaloniki Eye Study. Am J Ophthalmol. 2007;144:511-9.

Tube Versus Trabeculectomy Study
1. Gedde SA, Schiffman JC, Feuer WJ, et al. The tube versus trabeculectomy study: design and baseline characteristics of study patients. Am J Ophthalmol 2005;140:275-287.
2. Gedde SJ, Schiffman JC, Feuer WJ, et al. Treatment outcomes in the Tube Versus Trabeculectomy Study after one year of follow-up. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;143:9-22.
3. Gedde SJ, Herndon LW, Brandt JD, et al. Surgical complications in the Tube Versus Trabeculectomy Study during the first year of follow-up. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;143:23-31.
4. Jamil AL, Mills RP. Glaucoma tube or trabeculectomy? That is the question. Am J Ophthalmol 2007;143:141-144.

VII. Neuro-Ophthalmology

Publications
1. Spencer BR Jr, Digre KB. Treatments for neuro-ophthalmologic conditions. Neurol Clin 2010; 28: 1005-35.
2. Clinical Pathways in Neuro-Ophthalmology. An Evidence-Based Approach. Lee AG, Brazis PW (Editors). 2003, Thieme New York.
3. Osborn AG, Blaser S, Salzman KL, et al. Diagnostic imaging Series:Brain. Philadelphia, WB Saunders, 2004.
4. Anderson DR, Patella VM. Automated Static Perimetry, 2nd ed. St Louis, Mosby, 1999.
5. Leigh RJ, Zee DS. The Neurology of Eye Movements. 4th ed. Contemporary Neurology Series. New York, Oxford University Press, 2006.
6. Kaeser PF, Kawasaki A. Disorders of Pupillary Structure and Function. Neurol Clinics 28 (3):657-677, 2010 .
7. Lim SA, Siatkowski RM. Pediatric neuro-ophthalmology. Curr Opin Ophthalmol 2004; 15: 437-43.
8. Lueck CJ, Gilmour DF, Mcllwaine GG. Neuro-ophthalmology: examination and investigation. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75: 2-11.
9. Optical coherence tomography of the retina: applications in neurology. Jindahra P, Hedges TR, Mendoza-Santiesteban CE, Plant GT.Curr Opin Neurol. 2010 Feb;23(1):16-23. Review.
10. Neuro-Ophthalmology: Diagnosis and Management by Grant T. Liu MD Dr., Nicholas J. Volpe MD Dr. and Steven L. Galetta MD
11. Electrophysiologic Testing in Disorders of the Retina, Optic Nerve, and Visual Pathway (American Academy of Ophthalmology Monograph Series) by Gerald Allen Fishman, David G. Birch, Graham E. Holder and Mitchell G. Brigell
12. Walsh and Hoyt’s Clinical Neuro-ophthalmology: The Essentials. 2nd ed. Miller NR, Newman NJ, Kerrison J, Biousse V (eds). Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, 2008.
13. Trobe J. The Neurology of Vision. Oxford University Press, 2001.
14. Galetta KM, Calabresi PA, Frohman EM, Balcer LJ. Optical coherence tomography (OCT): imaging the visual pathway as a model for neurodegeneration. Neurotherapeutics. 2011 Jan;8(1):117-32. Review.
15. Cettomai D, Hiremath G, Ratchford J, Venkatesan A, Greenberg BM, McGready J, Pardo CA, Associations between retinal nerve fiber layer abnormalities and optic nerve examination. Neurology. 2010 Oct 12;75(15):1318-25. Epub 2010 Sep 1.


VIII. Ophthalmic Pathology

Publications
1. Rao NA. Biopsy Pathology of the Eye and Ocular Adnexa. Hodder Arnold. 1996.
2. Spencer WH, editor. Ophthalmic Pathology: An Atlas and Textbook 1-4, 4th Edition, W B Saunders Co., 1996.
3. Sassani JW, editor. Ophthalmic Pathology with Clinical Correlations. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1997.
4. Apple DJ. Ocular Pathology: Clinical Applications and Self-Assessment. Mosby, 1998.
5. Harry J, Misson, GP. Clinical Ophthalmic Pathology: Principles of Diseases of the Eye and Associated Structures. Butterworth-Heinemann, 2001.
6. Meyer P, Loeffler, K. Stereoatlas of Ophthalmic Pathology: Anatomy and Pathology of the Peripheral Fundus (Fundus extremus). S Karger, 2005.
7. Sehu WK, Lee W. Ophthalmic Pathology: An Illustrated Guide for Clinicians. Blackwell Publishing, 2006 (eBook 2008).
8. Naumann GOH. Applied Pathology for Ophthalmic Microsurgeons. Springer. 2008.
9. Eagle RC. Eye Pathology: An Atlas and Text. 2nd Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2011 (eBook 2011).
10. American Academy of Ophthalmology: Basic and Clinical Science Course 2011-2012 Section 4: Ophthalmic Pathology and Intraocular Tumors. AAO 2011.
11. Yanoff M, Sassani JW. Ocular Pathology. 6th Edition. Mostby, 2008.
12. Chévez-Barrios P. Frozen section diagnosis and indications in ophthalmic pathology. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2005 Dec;129(12):1626-34.
13. Eagle RC Jr. Immunohistochemistry in diagnostic ophthalmic pathology: a review. Clin Experiment Ophthalmol. 2008 Oct;36(7):675-88
14. Parsons MA, Start RD. ACP Best Practice No 164: Necropsy techniques in ophthalmic pathology. J Clin Pathol. 2001 Jun;54(6):417-27.
15. Biswas J, Babu K, Krishnakumar S, Vanitha K, Vaijayanthi P. Gross photography of ophthalmic pathology specimens. Indian J Ophthalmol. 2001 Dec;49(4):273-6.
16. Biswas J, Krishnakumar S, Ahuja S: Manual of ocular pathology, Jaypee Brothers, India, 2010.

IX. Oculoplastic Surgery and Orbit
Recommended Textbooks
1. Dutton JJ. Atlas of clinical and surgical orbital anatomy. Philadelphia, WB Saunders Company,1994.
2. Nerad JA. Techniques in ophthalmic plastic surgery : A personal tutorial (with DVD). St. Louis: Saunders Elsevier; 2010.
3. Tyers AG, Collin JRO. Colour atlas of ophthalmic plastic surgery, 2nd ed.
Oxford; Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2001.

Books
1. Beard C, Quickert MH. Anatomy of the Orbit (A Dissection Manual), 2nd edition. Aesculapius Publishing Company, Birmingham, Alabama, 1977.
2. Biesman BS. Lasers in facial aesthetic and reconstructive surgery. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1999.
3. Callahan M, Beard C. Ptosis . 4th edition. Aesculapius Publishing Company, Birmingham, 1990.
4. Carruthers J, Carruthers A. Soft tissue augmentation (Procedures in cosmetic dermatology). Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2005.
5. Char DR. Thyroid Eye Diseas., Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, 1985
Collin JRO (ed). A Manual of Systematic Eyelid Surgery. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 1983.
6. Della Rocca RC, Bedrossian EH, Arthurs B, et al. Ophthalmic plastic surgery: decision making and techniques New York: McGraw-Hill, Medical Publishing Div; 2002.
7. Dortzbach RK. Ophthalmic plastic surgery: prevention and management of complications. New York: Raven Press; 1994.
8. Doxanas MT, Anderson RL. Clinical Orbital Anatomy . Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore, Maryland, 1984.
9. Dutton JJ. Oculoplastic, lacrimal, and orbital surgery (Atlas of ophthalmic surgery, vol 2). St. Louis: Mosby; 1991.
10. Fagin S, Putterman AM. Putterman's cosmetic oculoplastic surgery, 4th ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2008.
11. Gladstone GJ, Nesi FA, Goldberg RA. Gladstone and Nesi's oculoplastic surgery atlas Cosmetic facial surgery. New York: Springer; 2005.
12. Guthoff R, Katowitz JA. Oculoplastics and orbit. (Essentials in Ophthalmology). Berlin: Springer; 2007.
13. Henderson JW. Orbital Tumors. 2nd edition. Brian C. Decker, New York, 1980
Hornblass A, Hanig CJ. Oculoplastic, orbital, and reconstructive surgery. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1988.
14. Iliff CE, Iliff WJ, Iliff N. Oculoplastic surgery. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders; 1979.
15. Jones LT and Wobig JL. Surgery of the Eyelids and Lacrimal System. Aesculapius Publishing Company, Birmingham, 1976.
16. Katowitz JA. Pediatric oculoplastic surgery. New York: Springer; 2002.
LaTrenta GS. Atlas of aesthetic face and neck surgery. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders; 2004.
17. Leatherbarrow B. Oculoplastic surgery. New York: Informa Healthcare; 2011.
Levine MR. Manual of oculoplastic surgery, 3rd ed. Philadelphia: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2002.
18. Mauriello JA. Unfavorable results of eyelid and lacrimal surgery: prevention and management. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann; 2000.
19. McCord CD, Tanenbaum M, Nunery WR. Oculoplastic surgery, 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1995.
20. Mustarde JC. Repair and reconstruction in the orbital region: a practical guide, 2nd ed. Edinburgh; New York: Churchill Livingstone; 1980.
21. Nerad JA, Carter KD, Alford MA. Rapid diagnosis in ophthalmology, oculoplastic and reconstructive surgery. Philadelphia: Mosby/Elsevier; 2008.
22. Nesi FA, et al. Ophthalmic and facial plastic surgery: a compendium of reconstructive and aesthetic techniques. Thorofare, NJ: Slack, Inc.; 2001.
23. Rootman J (ed). Diseases of the Orbit. JB Lippincott, Philadelphia, 1988.
24. Rootman J, Stewart B, Goldberg RA. Orbital Surgery. Lippincott-Raven Publishers, Philadelphia, 1995
25. Shields JA, Shields CL. Atlas of eyelid and conjunctival tumors. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999.
26. Smith BC, Nesi FA, Lisman RD, Levine MR. Smith's Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery. St. Louis: Mosby; 1998.
27. Stewart WB. Surgery of the eyelid, orbit, and lacrimal system (3 vols) (Ophthalmology monographs 8). San Francisco: American Academy of Ophthalmology; 1993.
28. Tessier P. Symposium on Plastic Surgery in the Orbital Region, Dallas, 1974 (Proceedings of the Symposium of the Educational Foundation of the American Society of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgeons; v. 12). St. Louis: Mosby; 1976.
29. Tessier P, Rougier J, Hervouet F, et al. Plastic surgery of the orbit and eyelids (Chirurgie plastique orbito-palp-brale / Societe Francaise d'Ophtalmologie). New York: Masson Pub. USA; 1981.
30. Tse DT. Color atlas of oculoplastic surgery. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2011.
31. Wolfort FG, Kanter WR. Aesthetic blepharoplasty. Boston: Little Brown; 1995.
Zide BM, Jelks GW: Surgical Anatomy of the Orbit. Raven Press, New York, New York, 1985.
32. McGregor IA, McGregor AA. Fundamental Techniques of Plastic Surgery and their Surgical Applications, Churchill Livingstone.
33. Singh AD, Clinical Ophthalmic Oncology. Saunders Elsevier, 2009.
34. Baker SR, Local Flaps in Facial Reconstruction. Mosby Elsevier, 2007.
35. Panfilov DE, Aesthetic Surgery of the Facial Mosaic. Springer 2007.

Selected Journal Articles

Anatomy
1. Anderson RL: Medial canthal tendon branches out. Arch Ophth 95:2051, 1977.
2. Anderson RL, Beard C: The levator aponeurosis. Arch Ophth 95:1437, 1977.
3. Anderson RL, Dixon RS: The role of Whitnall's ligament in ptosis surgery. Arch Ophth 97:705, 1979.
4. Koornneef L: Orbital septa: anatomy and function. Ophthalmol 86:876, 1979.
5. Lemke BN, Stasior OG: The anatomy of eyebrow ptosis. Arch Ophth 100:981, 1982.
6. Hawes MJ, Dortzbach RK: The microscopic anatomy of the lower eyelid retractors. Arch Ophth 100:1313,1982.
7. Gioia VM, Linberg JV et al: The anatomy of the lateral canthal tendon. Arch Ophth 105:529, 1987.
8. Scott KR, Tse DT, Kronish JW: Temporal artery biopsy technique: a clinico-anatomical approach. Ophthalmic Surg 22:519, 1991.
9. Codere F, Tucker NA et al: The anatomy of Whitnall ligament. Ophthalmology 102:2016, 1995.
10. Goldberg RA, et al: The Lacrimal Keyhole, Orbital Door Jamb, and Basin of the Inferior Orbital Fissure. Three Areas of Deep Bone in the Lateral Orbit. Arch Ophthalmol 116:1618-24, 1998.
11. Jeong S, et al: The Asian Upper Eyelid: An Anatomical Study with Comparison to the Caucasian Eyelid. Arch Ophthalmol 117:907-12, 1999.

Congenital
1. Tessier P: Anatomical classification of facial, cranio-facial, and latero-facial clefts. J Maxillofac Surg 4:69, 1976.
2. Kidwell EDR, Tenzel RR: Repair of congenital colobomas of the lids. Arch Ophth 97:1931, 1979.
3. Hornblass A, Reifler D: Ablepharon Macrostomia syndrome. AJO 99:552, 1985
Anderson RL, Nowinski TS: The five-flap technique for blepharophimosis. Arch Ophth 107:448, 1989.
4. Jackson IT: Reconstruction of the lower eyelid defect in Treacher Collins syndrome. Pl Recons Surg 67:365, 1981.
5. Johnson CC: Developmental abnormalities of the eyelids. Ophth Pl Recons Surg 2:219,1986.
6. Beard C: Dermolipoma surgery, or, "An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure." Ophth Pl Recons Surg 6:153, 1990.
7. David DJ, Sheen R: Surgical correction of Crouzon syndrome. Pl Recons Surg 85:344, 1990.
8. Wang FM, Millman AL et al: Ocular findings in Treacher Collins syndrome. AJO 110:280, 1990.
9. Cepela MA, Nunery WR, Martin RT: Stimulation of orbital growth by the use of expandable implants in the anophthalmic cat orbit. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 8:157, 1992.
10. Sullivan TJ, Welham RAN, Collin JRO: Centurion syndrome. Idiopathic anterior displacement of the medial canthus. Ophthalmology 100:328, 1993.
11. Léauté-Labrèze C. Propranolol for Severe Hemangiomas of Infancy. N Eng J Med. 2008,358; 24,2649-2651.
Entropion/Trichiasis
1. Quickert MH, Rathbun E: Suture repair of entropion. Arch Ophth 85:304, 1971
Tenzel RR, Miller GR, Rubenzik R: Cicatricial upper lid entropion. Arch Ophth 93:999, 1975.
2. Brown BZ: The use of homologous tarsus as a donor graft in lid surgery. Ophth Pl Recons Surg 1:91, 1985.
3. Nasr AM: Eyelid complications in trachoma. I. Cicatricial entropion. Ophth Surg 20:800, 1989.
4. Shore JW, Foster CS et al: Results of buccal mucosal grafting for patients with medically controlled ocular cicatricial pemphigoid. Ophthalmology 99:383, 1992.
5. Reacher MH, Munoz B et al: A controlled trial of surgery for trachomatous trichiasis of the upper lid. Arch Ophthalmol 110:667, 1992.
6. Kersten RC, Kleiner FP, Kulwin DR: Tarsotomy for the treatment of cicatricial entropion with trichiasis. Arch Ophthalmol 110:714, 1992.
7. Wojno TH: Lid splitting with lash resection for cicatricial entropion and trichiasis. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 8:287, 1992.
8. Al-Rajhi AA, Hidayat A et al: The histopathology and the mechanism of entropion in patients with trachoma. Ophthalmology 100:1293, 1993.
9. Dutton JJ, Tawfik HA, DeBacker CM, Lipham WJ: Anterior Tarsal V-Wedge Resection of Cicatricial Entropion. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 16:126, 2000.
Sullivan JH, Beard C, Bullock JD: Cryosurgery for treatment of trichiasis. AJO 82:117, 1976.
10. Wood JR, Anderson RL: Complications of cryosurgery. Arch Ophth 99:460, 1981.
11. Wojno TH: Lid splitting with lash resection for cicatricial entropion and trichiasis. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 8:287, 1992.
12. Vaughn GL, Dortzbach RK et al: Eyelid splitting with excision or microhyfrecation for distichiasis. Arch Ophthalmol 115:282, 1997.

Ectropion/Lagophthalmos
1. Smith B: The "lazy-T" correction of ectropion of the lower punctum. Arch Ophth 94:1149, 1976.
2. Anderson RL, Gordy DD: The tarsal strip procedure. Arch Ophth 97:2192, 1979.
3. Anderson RL: Tarsal strip procedure for correction of eyelid laxity and canthal malposition in the anophthalmic socket. Ophthalmol 88:895, 1981.
4. Wesley RE: Tarsal ectropion from detachment of the lower eyelid retractors. AJO 93:491, 1982.
5. Nowinski TS, Anderson RL: The medial spindle procedure for involutional medial ectropion. Arch Ophth 103:1750, 1985.
6. Adenis JP, Mathon C, Liozon P: Surgical treatment of lagophthalmos: general review and personal technique. Orbit 8:23, 1989
7. Tse DT, Kronish JW, Buus D: Surgical correction of lower-eyelid tarsal ectropion by reinsertion of the retractors. Arch Ophthalmol 109:427, 1991.
8. Tanenbaum M, Gossman MD et al: The tarsal pillar technique for narrowing and maintenance of the interpalpebral fissure. Ophthalmic Surg 23:418, 1992.
9. Ezra DG, Beaconsfield M, Sira M, Bunce C, Wormald R, Collin R. The
associations of floppy eyelid syndrome: a case control study. Ophthalmology. 2010 Apr;117(4):831-8.

Blepharoptosis
1. Paris GL, Quickert MH: Disinsertion of the aponeurosis of the levator. AJO 81:337, 1976.
2. Anderson RL, Dixon RS: The role of Whitnall's ligament in ptosis surgery. Arch Ophth 97:705, 1979.
3. Dortzbach RK, Sutula FC: Involutional blepharoptosis - a histopathological study. Arch Ophth 98:2045,1980.
4. Frueh BR: The mechanistic classification of ptosis. Ophthalmology 87:1019,1980.
5. Buckman G, Jakobiec FA et al: Success of the Fasanella-Servat operation independent of Mueller's smooth muscle excision. Ophthalmol 96:413, 1989.
6. Kratky V, Harvey JT: Tests for contralateral pseudoretraction in blepharoptosis. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 8:22, 1992.
7. van den Bosch WA, Lemij HG: Blepharoptosis induced by prolonged hard contact lens wear. Ophthalmology 99:1759, 1992.
8. Frueh BR, Musch DC: Evaluation of levator muscle integrity in ptosis with levator force measurement. Ophthalmology 103:244, 1996.
9. Collin JR, Beard C et al: Blepharochalasis BJO 63:542, 1979
10. Doucet TW, Crawford JS: The quantification, natural course, and surgical results in 57 eyes with Marcus Gunn (jaw-winking) syndrome. AJO 92:702, 1981.
11. Collin JR: Blepharochalasis. A review of 30 cases. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 7:153, 1991.
12. Golnik KC, Pena R, Lee AG, Eggenberger ER: An ice test for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis. Ophthalmology 106:1282, 1999.
13. Wong VA, Beckingsale PS, Oley CA, Sullivan TJ: Management of myogenic ptosis. Ophthalmology.109:1023, 2002.
14. Fasanella RM, Servat J: Levator resection for minimal ptosis: another simplified operation. Arch Ophth 65:493, 1961.
15. Putterman AM, Urist MJ: Mueller muscle - conjunctiva resection. Arch Ophth 93:619, 1975.
16. Jones LT, Quickert MH, Wobig JL: The cure of ptosis by aponeurotic repair. Arch Ophth 93:629, 1975.
17. Leone CR, Rylander G: A modified silicone frontalis sling for the correction of blepharoptosis. AJO 85:802,1978.
18. Anderson RL: Aponeurotic ptosis surgery. Arch Ophth 97:1123, 1979.
19. Patrinely JR, Anderson RL: The septal pulley in frontalis suspension. Arch Ophth 104:1707, 1986.
20. Anderson RL, Jordan DR, Dutton JJ: Whitnall's sling for poor function ptosis. Arch Ophthalmol 108:1628,1990.
21. Dresner SC: Further modification of the Muller's muscle-conjunctival resection procedure forblepharoptosis. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 7:114, 1991.
22. Carter SR, Meecham WJ, Seiff SR: Silicone frontalis slings for the correction of blepharoptosis. Ophthalmology 103:623, 1996.
23. Lucarelli MJ, Lemke BN: Small incision external levator repair: technique and early results. Am J Ophthalmol127:637, 1999.

Blepharoplasty
1. Pang HG: Surgical formation of upper lid fold. Arch Ophthalmol 65:783, 1961.
2. Baylis HI, Long JA, Groth MJ: Transconjunctival lower eyelid blepharoplasty. Ophthalmol 96:1027, 1989.
3. Jordan DR, Anderson RL: The tarsal tuck procedure avoiding eyelid retraction after lower blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 85:22, 1990.
4. Doxanas MR: Minimally invasive lower eyelid blepharoplasty. Ophthalmology 101:1327, 1994.
5. Netscher DT, Patrinely JR et al: Transconjunctival versus transcutaneous lower eyelid blepharoplasty: a prospective study. Plast Reconstr Surg 96:1053, 1995.
6. Goldberg RA, Edelstein C, Shorr N: Fat Repositioning in Lower Blepharoplasty to Maintain Infraorbital Rim Contour. Facial Plastic Surgery 15:225-229, 1999.
7. Hamako C, Baylis HI: Lower eyelid retraction after blepharoplasty. AJO 89:517, 1980.
8. Rees TD, Jelks GW: Blepharoplasty and the dry eye syndrome: guidelines for surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 68:249, 1981.
9. Goldberg RA, Marmor MF et al: Blindness following blepharoplasty: two case reports, and a discussion of management. Ophth Surg 21:85, 1990.
10. Lowry JC, Bartley GB: Complications of blepharoplasty. Survey of Ophthalmology 38:327, 1994.
11. Doxanas MT, Anderson RL: Oriental eyelids. An anatomic study. Arch Ophth 102:1232, 1984.
12. Chen WP: Asian blepharoplasty. Update on anatomy and techniques. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 3:135,1987.
13. American Academy of Ophthalmology: Functional indications for upper and lower eyelid blepharoplasty. Ophthalmology 98:1461, 1991.
14. Faigen S: Advanced Rejuvenative Upper Blepharoplasty: Enhancing Aesthetics of the Upper Periorbita. Plast Reconstr Surg 110:278, 2002.

Eyelid Tumors
1. Fier RH, Older JJ: Spontaneous repair of the medial canthus after removal of basal cell carcinoma. Ophth Surg 13:737, 1982.
2. Mohs FE: Micrographic surgery for the microscopically controlled excision of eyelid cancers. Arch Ophth 104:901, 1986.
3. Nerad JA, Anderson RL: CO2 laser treatment of eyelid syringomas. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 4:91, 1988.
4. Kersten RC, Ewing-Chow D et al: Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of cutaneous eyelid lesions. Ophthalmology 104:479, 1997.5
5. Cook BE Jr., Bartley GB: Treatment options and future prospects for the management of eyelid malignancies: an evidence-based update. Ophthalmology 108:2088, 2001.
6. Luxenberg MR: Molluscum contagiosum. Arch Ophth 104:1390, 1986.
7. Epstein GA, Putterman AM: Combined excision and drainage with intralesional corticosteroid injection in the treatment of chronic chalazia. Arch Ophth 106:514, 1988.
8. Mansour AM: Adnexal findings in AIDS. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 9:273, 1993.
9. Knudtson KJ, et al: Necrotizing Fasciitis of the Eyelids and Orbit. Arch Ophthalmol 116:1548-9, 1998.
10. Sloan GM, Reinisch MD, Nichter LS et al: Intralesional corticosteroid therapy for infantile hemangiomas. Plast Reconstr Surg 83:459, 1989.
11. Deans RM, Harris GJ, Kivlin JD: Surgical dissection of capillary hemangiomas. An alternative to intralesional corticosteroids. Arch Ophthalmol 110:1743, 1992.
12. Egbert JE, Schwartz GS et al: Diagnosis and treatment of an ophthalmic artery occlusion during an intralesional injection of corticosteroid into an eyelid capillary hemangioma. Am J Ophthalmol 121:638, 1996.
13. Hornblass A, Stefano J: Pigmented basal cell carcinoma of the eyelids. AJO 92:193, 1981.
14. Howard GR, Nerad JA et al: Clinical characteristics associated with orbital invasion of cutaneous basal cell and squamous cell tumors of the eyelid. Am J Ophthalmol 113:123, 1992.
15. Carter KD, Nerad JA, Whitaker DC: Clinical Factors Influencing Periocular Surgical Defects After Mohs Micrographic Surgery. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 15:83, 1999.
16. Reifler DM, Hornblass A: Squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelid. Surv Ophthalmol 30:349-365, 1986.
17. Zoltie N, O'Neill TJ: Malignant melanomas of eyelid skin. Plast Reconstr Surg 83:994, 1989.
18. Esmaeli B: Sentinel lymph node mapping for patients with cutaneous and conjunctival malignant melanoma. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 16:170, 2000.
19. Esmaeli B, Wang B, Deavers M, Gillenwater A, et al: Prognostic factors for survival in malignant melanoma of the eyelid skin. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 16:250, 2000.
20. Vaziri M, Buffan FV, Martinka M, et al: Clinicopathologic Features and Behavior of Cutaneous Eyelid Melanoma. Ophthalmology 109:901, 2002/
21. Doxanas MT and Green WR: Sebaceous gland carcinoma. Review of 40 cases. Arch Ophth 102:245, 1984.
22. Zurcher M, Hintschich CR, Garner A, Bunce C, Collin JRO: Sebaceous Carcinoma of the Eyelid: AClinicopathological Study. Br J Ophthalmol 82:1049, 1998.
23. Chao AN, Shields CL, Krema H, Shields JA: Outcome of Patients with Periocular Sebaceous Gland Carcinoma with and without Conjunctival Intraepithelial Invasion. Ophthalmology 108:1877, 2001.
24. Hamilton J, Levine MR et al: Merkel cell carcinoma of the eyelid. Ophthalmic Surg 24, 1993.
25. Cartwright MJ: Xanthelasma Procedures. Plast Reconstr Surg 104:878, 1999.
26. Wilson MW, Fleming JC, Fleming RM, Haik BG: Sentinel Node Biopsy for Orbital and Ocular Adnexal Tumors. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 17:338, 2001.
Eyelid Trauma/Reconstruction
1. Gonnering RS: Ocular adnexal injury and complications in orbital dog bites. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 3:231, 1987.
2. Wulc AE, Arterberry JF: The pathogenesis of canalicular laceration. Ophthalmology 98:1243, 1991.
3. Reifler DM: Diagnostic and surgical techniques. Management of canalicular laceration. Survey of Ophthalmology 36:113, 1991.
4. Tenzel RR: Reconstruction of the central one-half of an eyelid. Arch Ophth 93:125, 1975.
5. Hewes EH, Sullivan JH, Beard C: Lower eyelid reconstruction by tarsal transposition. AJO 81:512, 1976.
6. Tenzel RR, Stewart WB: Eyelid reconstruction by the semicircle flap technique. Ophthalmol 85:1164,1978.
7. Borges AF: The rhombic flap. Pl Recons Surg 67:458, 1981.
8. Baylis HI et al: Obtaining auricular cartilage for reconstructive surgery. AJO 93:709, 1982.
9. Bartley GB, Kay PP: Posterior lamellar eyelid reconstruction with a hard palate mucosal graft. AJO 107:609,1989.
10. Rose EH, Norris MS: The versatile temporoparietal fascial flap: adaptability to a variety of composite defects. Pl Recons Surg 85:224, 1990.
11. Spinelli HM, Jelks GW: Periocular reconstruction: a systematic approach. Plast Reconstr Surg 91:1017, 1993.
12. Lowry JC, Bartley GB, Garrity JA et al: The role of second-intention healing in periocular reconstruction. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 13: 174, 1997.

Thyroid Eye Disease
1. Sergott RC, Glaser JS: Graves' ophthalmopathy. A clinical and immunologic review. Survey Ophth 26:1,1981.
2. Leone CR: Management of ophthalmic Graves' disease. Ophthalmol 91:770, 1984
3. Shorr N, Seiff S: The four stages of surgical rehabilitation of the patient with dysthyroid ophthalmopathy. Ophthalmol 93:476, 1986.
4. Spierer A, Eisenstein Z: The role of increased intraocular pressure on upgaze in the assessment of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy. Ophthalmology 98:1491, 1991.
5. Nunery WR, Martin RT et al: The association of cigarette smoking with clinical subtypes of ophthalmic Graves' disease. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 9:77, 1993.
6. Bartley GB, Gorman CA: Diagnostic criteria for Graves' ophthalmopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 119:792, 1995.
7. Bartley GB: The differential diagnosis and classification of eyelid retraction. Ophthalmology 103:168, 1996.
8. Chan W, Wong GWK, Fan DSP, Cheng ACK, et al. Ophthalmopathy in Childhood Graves’ Disease. Br J Ophthalmol 86:740-742, 2002.
9. Putterman AM: Surgical treatment of thyroid-related upper eyelid retraction: graded Mueller's muscle excision and levator recession. Ophthalmol 88:507, 1981.
10. Kersten RC, Kulwin DR et al: Management of lower-lid retraction with hard-palate mucosa grafting. Arch Ophthalmol 108:1339, 1990.
11. Baylis HI et al: The transantral orbital decompression (Ogura technique) as performed by the ophthalmologist. Ophthalmol 87:1005, 1980.
12. Anderson RL, Linberg JV: Transorbital approach to decompression in Graves' disease. Arch Ophth 99:120, 1981.
13. Shorr N, Neuhaus R, Baylis H: Ocular motility problems after orbital decompression for dysthyroid ophthalmopathy. Ophthalmol 89:323, 1982.
14. Goldberg RA, Shorr N, Cohen MS: The medial orbital strut in the prevention of postdecompression dystopia in dysthyroid ophthalmopathy. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 8:32, 1992.
15. Trokel S, Kazim M, Moore S: Orbital fat removal. Decompression for Graves’ orbitopathy. Ophthalmology 100:674, 1993.
16. Goldberg RA, Perry JD, Hortaleza V, Tong JT: Strabismus after balanced medial plus lateral wall versus lateral wall only orbital decompression for dysthyroid orbitopathy. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 16:271, 2000.
17. Gorman CA, Garrity JA, Fatourechi V, et al: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of orbital radiotherapy for Graves’ ophthalmopathy. Ophthalmology 108:1523, 2001.
18. Kazim M: Radiotherapy for Graves ophthalmopathy: the Columbia University experience. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 18:173, 2002.
19. Terwee CB, Gerding MN, Dekker FW, Prummel MF, Wiersinga WM: Development of a Disease Specific Quality of Life Questionnaire for Patients with Graves’ Ophthalmopathy: The GO-QOL. Br J Ophthalmol 82:773, 1998.
20. Khanna D et al. Rituximab treatment of patients with severe, corticosteroid-resistant thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy: Ophthalmology. 2010 January; 117 (1): 133 -139.
21. Vardizer Y, Tomkins O, Briscoe D. Clinical Assessment of thyroid related orbitopathy: a review. Paediatr Endocrinol Rev. 2010 Mar;7 Suppl 2:186-92.

Orbital Disease
1. Ferry AP, Abedi S: Diagnosis and management of rhino-orbitocerebral mucormycosis (phycomycosis). Ophthalmol 90:1096, 1983.
2. Kohn R, Hepler R: Management of limited rhino-orbital mucormycosis without exenteration. Ophthalmol 92:1440, 1985.
3. Khalil M et al: Tuberculosis of the orbit. Ophthalmol 92:1624, 1985.
4. Harris GJ: Subperiosteal abscess of the orbit. Age as a factor in the bacteriology and response to treatment. Ophthalmology 101:585, 1994.
5. Harris GJ: Subperiosteal abscess of the orbit: computed tomography and the clinical course. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 12:1, 1996.
6. Kronish JW, Johnson TE et al: Orbital infections in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Ophthalmology 103:1483, 1996.
7. Marshall DH, Jordan, DR, Gilberg SM and others: Periocular Necrotizing Fasciitis: A Review of Five Cases. Ophthal 104:1857, 1997.
8. Carter KD, Graham SM, Carpenter KM: Ophthalmic Manifestations of Allergic Fungal Sinusitis. Am J Ophthalmol 127:189, 1999.
9. Ambati BK, Ambati J, Azar N, Stratton L, Schmidt EV: Periorbital and Orbital Cellulitis Before and After the Advent of Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Vaccination. Ophthalmology 107:1450-1453, 2000.
10. Garcia GH, Harris GJ: Criteria for Nonsurgical Management of Subperiosteal Abscess of the Orbit: Analysisof Outcomes 1988-1998. Ophthalmology 107:1454-1456, 2000.
11. Mottow-Lippa L, Jakobiec FA, Smith M: Idiopathic inflammatory orbital pseudotumor in childhood. Ophthalmol 88:565, 1981.
12. Bullen CL et al (Mayo Clinic): Ocular complications of Wegener's granulomatosis. Ophthalmol 90:279, 1983.
13. Leone CR, Lloyd WC: Treatment protocol for orbital inflammatory disease. Ophthalmol 92:1325, 1985.
14. Collison JMT et al: Involvement of orbital tissues by sarcoid. AJO 102:302, 1986
15. Cartwright MJ, Kurumety UR et al: Intraorbital wood foreign body. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 11:44, 1995.
16. Perry SR, Rootman J et al: The clinical and pathologic constellation of Wegener’s granulomatosis of the orbit. Ophthalmology 104:683, 1997.
17. Jakobiec FA et al: Conjunctival adnexal cysts and dermoids. Arch Ophth 96:1404, 1978.
18. Bonavolonta G, Tranfa F et al: Dermoid cysts: 16-year survey. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 11:187, 1995.
19. Kushner BJ: Local steroid therapy in adnexal hemangioma. Annals Ophth 11:1005, 1979.
20. Haik BG, Jakobiec FA et al: Capillary hemangioma of the lids and orbit: an analysis of the clinical features and therapeutic results in 101 cases. Ophthalmol 86:760, 1979.
21. Beyer R, Levine MR, Sternberg I: Orbital varices: a surgical approach. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 1:205, 1985.
22. Kupersmith MJ et al: Neuroophthalmologic abnormalities and intravascular therapy of traumatic carotid cavernous fistulas. Ophthalmol 93:906, 1986.
23. Harris GJ, Sakol PJ et al: An analysis of thirty cases of orbital lymphangioma: Pathophysiologic considerations and management recommendations. Ophthalmology 97:1583, 1990.
24. Liu D: A simplified technique of orbital decompression for severe retrobulbar hemorrhage. Am J Ophthalmol 116:34, 1993.
25. Spoor TC, Kennerdell JS et al: Malignant gliomas of the optic nerve pathways. AJO 89:284, 1980.
26. Rush JA et al: Optic glioma: long-term follow-up of 85 histologically verified cases. Ophthalmol 89:1213, 1982.
27. Sibony PA, Krauss HR, Kennerdell JS et al: Optic nerve sheath meningiomas: clinical manifestations. Ophthalmol 91:1313, 1984.
28. Seiff SR, Brodsky MC, MacDonald G et al: Orbital optic glioma in neurofibromatosis. Arch Ophth 105:1689,1987.
29. Brourman ND, Spoor TC, Ramocki JM: Optic nerve sheath decompression for pseudotumor cerebri. Arch Ophth 106: 1378, 1988.
30. Tse DT, Nerad JA et al: Optic nerve sheath fenestration in pseudotumor cerebri. Arch Ophth 106:1458, 1988.
31. Dutton JJ: Glioma of the anterior visual pathway. Survey of Ophthalmology 38:427, 1994.
32. The Ischemic Optic Neuropathy Decompression Trial Research Group: Optic Nerve Decompression surgery for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION) is not effective and may be harmful. JAMA 273:625-632, 1995.
33. Meyer DR, Nerad JA et al: Bilateral enophthalmos associated with hydrocephalus and ventriculoperitoneal shunting. Arch Ophthalmol 114:1206, 1996..
34. Peele KA, Kennerdell JS: The role of postoperative irradiation in the management of sphenoid wing meningiomas. Ophthalmology 103:1761, 1996.
35. Abrahamson DH, Ellsworth RM et al: The treatment of orbital rhabdomyosarcoma with irradiation and chemotherapy. Ophthalmol 86:1330, 1979.
36. Wharam M et al: Localized orbital rhabdomyosarcoma: an interim report of the intergroup rhabdomyosarcoma study committee. Ophthalmol 94:251, 1987.
37. Hurwitz JJ: A practical approach to the management of lacrimal gland lesions. Ophth Surg 13:829, 1982.
38. Shields CL, Shields JA et al: Clinicopathologic review of 142 cases of lacrimal gland lesions. Ophthalmol 96:431, 1989.
39. Heaps RS, Miller NR et al: Primary adenocarcinoma of the lacrimal gland. A retrospective study. Ophthalmology 100:1856, 1993.
40. Font RL, Smith SL, Bryan RG: Malignant Epithelial Tumors of the Lacrimal Gland: A Clinicopathologic Study of 21 Cases. Arch Ophthalmol 116:613, 1998.
41. Jakobiec FA et al: Ocular adnexal tumors (correlative ultrastructural and immunologic marker studies). Arch Ophth 100:84, 1982.
42. Coupland SE, Krause L, Delecluse HJ, et. al.: Lymphoproliferative Lesions of the Ocular Adnexa: Analysis of 112 Cases. Ophthal 105:1430, 1998.
43. Jackson IT, Carls F: Assessment and treatment of facial deformity resulting from radiation to the orbital area in childhood. Plast Reconstr Surg 98:1169, 1996.
44. Katz BJ, Nerad JA: Ophthalmic Manifestations of Fibrous Dysplasia: A Disease of Children and Adults. Ophthalmology 105:2207, 1998.
45. Anderson RL, Panje WR, Gross CE: Optic nerve blindness following blunt forehead trauma. Ophthalmol 89:445, 1982.
46. Wesley RE: Current techniques for the repair of complex orbital fractures: Miniplate fixation and cranial bone grafts. Ophthalmology 99:1766, 1992.
47. Sires BS, Stanley Jr. RB, Levine LM: Oculocardiac Reflex Caused by Orbital Floor Trapdoor Fracture: An Indication for Urgent Repair. Arch Ophthalmol 116:955, 1998.
48. Alford MA, Nerad JA, Carter KD: Predictive Value of the Initial Quantified Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect in 19 Consecutive Patients with Traumatic Optic Neuropathy. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 17:323. 2001.
49. Fulcher TP, McNab AA, Sullivan TJ: Clinical Features and Management of Intraorbital Foreign Bodies. Ophthalmology 109:494, 2002.
50. Soparkar CNS, Patrinely JR et al: The silent sinus syndrome. A cause of spontaneous enophthalmos. Ophthalmology 101:772, 1994.
51. Klapper SR, Lee AG, Patrinely JR et. al.: Orbital Involvement in Allergic Fungal Sinusitis. Ophthal 104:2094, 1997
52. Goldberg RA, Rootman J: Clinical characteristics of metastatic orbital tumors. Ophthalmol 97:620, 1990.
53. Shields JA, Shields CL, Brotman HK, et al: Cancer Metastatic to the Orbit: The 2000 Robert M. Curts Lecture. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 17:346, 2001.
54. Cline RA, Rootman J: Enophthalmos: a clinical review. Ophthalmol 91:229, 1984.
55. Bullock JD, Bartley GB: Dynamic proptosis. AJO 102:104, 1986.
56. Beard C: Dermolipoma surgery, or, "An ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure." Ophth Pl ReconsSurg 6:153, 1990.

Enucleation, Evisceration, and Exenteration
1. Kennedy RE: The effect of early enucleation on the orbit. AJO 60:277, 1965.
2. Green WR, Maumenee AE, Sanders TE et al: Sympathetic uveitis following evisceration. Trans Am Acad Ophth Oto 76:625, 1972.
3. Bartley GB, Garrity JA, Waller RR et al: Orbital exenteration at the Mayo Clinic. Ophthalmol 96:468, 1989.
4. Levin PS, Ellis DS et al: Orbital exenteration. The reconstructive ladder. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 7:84, 1991.
5. Ferrone PJ, Dutton JJ: Rate of vascularization of coralline hydroxyapatite ocular implants. Ophthalmology 99:376, 1992.
6. Collin JRO: Surgical techniques for the contracted socket. Orbit 6:101, 1987
7. Smith B, Petrelli R: Dermis -fat graft as a moveable imp lant within the muscle cone. AJO 85:62, 1978.
8. Fountain JA, Helveston EM: Long term follow-up study of scleral grafting for exposed or extruded orbital implants. AJO 93:52, 1982.
9. Stewart WB, Gratiot JB, Soll DB: Surgical management of orbital implant extrusion by implant placement posterior to Tenon's fascia. Ophth Surg 13:807, 1982.
10. Remulla HD, Rubin PA et al: Complications of porous spherical orbital implants. Ophthalmology 102:586, 1995.
11. Hornblass A, Biesman BS, Eviatar JA: Current techniques of enucleation: a survey of 5,439 intraorbital implants and review of the literature. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 11:77, 1995.
12. Jordan DR, Chan S, Mawn L, Gilberg S, Dean T, Brownstein S, Hill VE: Complications Associated with Pegging Hydroxyapatite Orbital Implants. Ophthalmology 106:505, 1999.
13. Spivey BE, Allen L, Stewart WB: Surgical correction of superior sulcus deformity occurring after enucleation. AJO 82:365, 1976.
14. Smit TJ, Koornneef L et al: Comp uted tomography in the assessment of the postenucleation socket syndrome. Ophthalmology 97:1347, 1990.

Orbital Fractures
1. Putterman AM, Stevens T, Urist MJ: Nonsurgical management of blow-out fractures of the orbital floor. AJO 77(2):232, 1974.
2. Converse JM, Smith B: Editorial: On the treatment of blowout fractures of the orbit. Plast Reconstr Surg 62:100, 1978.
3. Hawes MJ, Dortzbach RK: Surgery on orbital floor fractures. Influence of time of repair and fracture size. Ophthalmol 90:1066, 1983.
4. Manson P, Clifford C et al: Mechanisms of global support and posttraumatic enophthalmos - I and II. Pl Recons Surg 77:193, 1986.
5. Fujino T, Sato TB: Mechanism of orbital blow-out fracture: experimental study by three-dimensional eye model. Orbit 6:237, 1987.
6. Jordan DR, Allen LH, White J, Harvey J, Pashby R, Esmaeli B: Intervention Within Days for Some Orbital Floor Fractures: The White-Eyed Blowout. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 14:379, 1998.
7. Burnstine MA: Clinical Recommendations for Repair of Isolated Orbital Floor Fractures: An Evidence-Based Analysis. Ophthalmology 109:1207, 2002.
8. Rubin PA, Shore JW, Yaremchuk MJ: Complex orbital fracture repair using rigid fixation of the internal orbital skeleton. Ophthalmology 99:553, 1992.
9. Liu D: Blindness after blow-out fracture repair. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 10:206, 1994.
10. Kushner BJ: Management of diplopia limited to down gaze. Arch Ophthalmol 113:1426, 1995.
11. Segrest DR, Dortzbach RK: Medial orbital wall fractures: complications and management. Ophth Pl ReconsSurg 5:75, 1989.

Lacrimal
1. Linberg J et al: Primary acquired nasolacrimal duct obstruction. A clinicopathologic report and biopsy technique. Ophthalmol 93:1055, 1986.
2. Hawes MJ: The dacryolithiasis syndrome. Ophth Pl Recons Surg 4:87, 1988
3. Becker B: Tricompartment model of the lacrimal pump mechanism. Ophthalmology 99:1139, 1992.
4. Bartley GB: Acquired lacrimal drainage obstruction: an etiologic classification system, case reports, and a review of the literature. Part 1. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 8:237, 1992.
5. Bartley GB: Acquired lacrimal drainage obstruction: an etiologic classification system, case reports, and a review of the literature. Part 2. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 8:243, 1992.
6. Bartley GB: Acquired lacrimal drainage obstruction: an etiologic classification system, case reports, and a review of the literature. Part 3. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 9:11, 1993.
7. Hornblass A, Ingis TM: Lacrimal function tests. Arch Ophth 97:1654, 1979
Katowitz JA, Welsh MG: Timing of initial probing and irrigation in congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Ophthalmol 94:698, 1987.
8. Becker BB, Berry FD, et al: Balloon catheter dilation for treatment of congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction. Am J Ophthalmol 121:304, 1996.
9. Honavar SG, Prokash VE, Rao GN: Outcome of probing for congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction in older children. Am J Ophthalmol 130: 42-48, 2000.
10. Lyons CJ, Rosser PM, Welham RAN: The management of punctal agenesis. Ophthalmology 100:1851, 1993.
11. Esmaeli B, Valero V, Ahmadi MA, Booser D: Canalicular stenosis secondary to docetaxel (taxotere): a newly recognized side effect. Ophthalmology 108:994, 2001.
12. Dortzbach RK: Dacryocystorhinostomy. Ophthalmo l 85:1267, 1978.
13. Hardwig PW, Bartley GB, Garrity JA: Surgical management of nasolacrimal duct obstruction in patients with Wegener's granulomatosis. Ophthalmology 99:133, 1992.
14. Hartikainen J, Crenman R, Puukka P, Seppa H: Prospective Randomized Comparison of External Dacryocystorhinostomy and Endonasal Laser Dacryocystorhinostomy. Ophthal 105:1106, 1998.
15. Ezra E, Restori M, Mannor GE, Rose GE: Ultrasonic Assessment of Rhinostomy Size Following External Dacryocystorhinostomy. Br J Ophthalmo l 82:786, 1998.
16. Woog JJ, Kennedy RH, Custer PL, et al: Endonasal Dacryocystorhinostomy: A Report by the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology 108:2369, 2001.
17. Bernardini FP, Moin M, Kersten RC, et al: Routine Histopathologic Evaluation of the Lacrimal Sac During Dacryocystorhinostomy: How Useful Is It? Ophthalmology 109:1214, 2002.
18. Steinsapir KD, Glatt HJ, Putterman AM: A 16-year study of conjunctival dacryocystorhinostomy. AJO 109:387, 1990.
19. Flanagan JC: Lacrimal sac tumors. Ophthalmol 85:1282, 1978 Stefanyszyn MA, Hidayat AA et al: Lacrimal sac tumors. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 10:169, 1994.
20. Reifler DM: Diagnostic and surgical techniques. Management of canalicular laceration. Survey of Ophthalmology 36:113, 1991.
21. Keegan DJ, Geerling G, Lee JP, Blake G, et al: Botulinum toxin treatment for hyperlacrimation secondary to aberrant regenerated seventh nerve palsy or salivary gland transplantation. Br J Ophthalmol 86:43-46, 2002.
22. Briscoe D, Rubowitz A, Assia E. Changing bacterial isolates and antibiotic sensitivity of purulent dacrycystitis. Orbit. Mar;24(1):29-32, 2005.
23. Dolmetsch AM. Nonlaser endoscopic endonasal dacryocystorhinostomy with adjunctive mitomycin C in nasolacrimal duct obstruction in adults. Ophthalmology.2010 May;117(5):1037-40.s

Blepharospasm/Hemifacial Spasm
1. Gillum WN, Anderson RL: Blepharospasm surgery: an anatomical approach. Arch Ophth 99:1056, 1981.
2. Frueh BR, Felt DP, Wojno TH: Treatment of blepharospasm with botulinum toxin. Arch Ophth 102:1464, 1984.
3. Scott AB et al: Botulinum A toxin injection as treatment for blepharospasm. Arch Ophth 103:347, 1985.
4. Savino PJ et al: Hemifacial spasm treated with botulinum A toxin injection. Arch Ophth 102:1305, 1985.
5. Sprik C, Wirtschafter JD: Hemifacial spasm due to intracranial tumor. An international survey of botulinum toxin investigators. Ophthalmol 95:1042, 1988.
6. Barker FG II, Jannetta PJ et al: Microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm. Am J Ophthalmol 119:829, 1995.
7. Price J, Farish S et al: Blepharospasm and hemifacial spasm. Ophthalmology 104:865, 1997.
8. Anderson RL, Patel BCK, Holds JB, Jordan DR: Blepharospasm: Past, Present, and Future. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 14:305, 1998.
9. De Groot V, De Wilde F, Smet L, Tassignon M-J: Frontalis Suspension Combined with Blepharoplasty as an Effective Treatment for Blepharospasm Associated with Apraxia of Eyelid Opening. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 16:34:2000.
10. Port JD: Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques for Patients with Hemifacial Spasm. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 18:72, 2002.

Tarsorrhaphy
1. Stamler JF, Tse DT: A simple and reliable technique for permanent lateral tarsorrhaphy. Arch Ophth 108:125, 1990.
2. Tanenbaum M, Gossman MD et al: The tarsal pillar technique for narrowing and maintenance of the interpalpebral fissure. Ophthalmic Surg 23:418, 1992
3. Rapoza PA, Harrison DA et al: Temporary sutured tube-tarsorrhaphy: reversible eyelid closure technique. Ophthalmic Surg 24:328, 1993.

Preoperative and Intraoperative Considerations
1. Sedwick LA, Romano PE: Malignant hyperthermia - considerations for theophthalmologist. Survey Ophthal 25:378, 1981.
2. Zaturansky B, Hyams S: Perforation of the globe during the injection of local anesthesia. Ophth Surg 18:585, 1987.
3. Chestler RJ, Lemke BN: Intraoperative flash fires associated with disposable cautery. Ophth Pl Recons Surg 5:194, 1989.
4. Gatti JE, Bryant CJ et al: The mutagenicity of electrocautery smoke. Plast Reconstr Surg 89:781, 1992.
5. Dumanian GA, Bontempo FA, Johnson PC: Evaluation and treatment of the plastic surgical patient having a potential to bleed. Plast Reconstr Surg 96:211, 1995.
6. Bartamian M, Meyer DR: Site of service, anesthesia, and postoperative practice patterns for oculoplastic and orbital surgeries. Ophthalmology 103:1628, 1996.
7. Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia in Ambulatory Settings: Sedation and Analgesia in Ambulatory Settings. Plast Reconstr Surg 104:1559, 1999.
8. Eaton JS, Grekin RC: Regional Anesthesia of the Face. Dermatol Surg 27:1006, 2001.
9. Friedman PM, Mafong EA, Friedman ES, Geronemus RG: Topical Anesthetics Update: EMLA and Beyond Dermatol Surg 27:1019, 2001.
10. Hanke CW: The Tumescent Facial Block: Tumescent Local Anesthesia and Nerve Block Anesthesia for Full-Face Laser Resurfacing. Dermatol Surg 27:1003-1005, 2001.

Cosmetic Oculoplastic Surgery
1. Lemke BN, Stasior OG: The anatomy of eyebrow ptosis. Arch Ophth 100:981, 1982.
2. Fett DR, Sutcliffe T, Baylis HI: The coronal brow lift. AJO 96:751, 1983
3. McCord CD, Doxanas MT: Browplasty and browpexy: an adjunct to blepharoplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 86:248, 1990.
4. Fagien S: Eyebrow analysis after blepharoplasty in patients with brow ptosis. Ophthalmic Plast Reconstr Surg 8:210, 1992.
5. Knize DM: Transpalpebral approach to the corrugator supercilii and procerus muscles. Plast Reconstr Surg 95:52, 1995.
6. Ramirez OM, McKinney P: The anchor subperiosteal forehead lift. Plast Reconstr Surg 95:993, 1995.
7. Foster JA, Barnhorst D et al: The use of botulinum a toxin to ameliorate facial kinetic frown lines. Ophthalmology 103:618, 1996.
8. Knize DM: Limited incision foreheadplasty. Plast Reconstr Surg 103:271, 1999
9. Fagien S: Botox for the treatment of dynamic and hyperkinetic facial lines and furrows: adjunctive use in facial surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 103:701, 1999.
10. Ahn MS, Catten M, Maas CS: Temporal brow lift using botulinum toxin A. Plast Reconstr Surg 105:1129, 2000.
11. Patel BCK: Midface Rejuvenation. Facial Plastic Surgery 15:231-242, 1999.
12. Patipa M: The Evaluation and Management of Lower Eyelid Retraction Following Cosmetic Surgery. Plast Reconstr Surg 106:438-453, 2000.
13. Pessa JE: The Suboricularis Oculi Fat Pad: An Anatomic and Clinical Study. Plast Reconstr Surg 107:1602, 2001.
14. Stuzin JM, Baker TJ, Baker TM: CO2 and Erbium:YAG Laser Resurfacing: Current Status and Personal Perspective. Plast Reconstr Surg 103:588, 1999.
15. Schwartz RJ, Burns AJ, Rohrich RJ, Barton Jr FE, Byrd HS: Long-Term Assessment of CO2 Facial Laser Resurfacing: Aesthetic Results and Complications. Plast Reconstr Surg 103:592, 1999.
16. Suñer IJ, Meldrum ML, Johnson TE, Tse DT: Necrotizing Fasciitis After Cosmetic Blepharoplasty. Am J Ophthalmol 128:367, 1999.
17. Hwang IP, Pratt DV, Jordan DR: Cerebrospinal Fluid Leakage During Endoscopic Forehead Lifting. Am J Ophthalmol 128:531-532, 1999.
18. Friedman PM, Mafong EA, Kauvar ANB, Geronemus R: Safety Data of Injectable Nonanimal Stabilized Hyaluronic Acid Gel for Soft Tissue Augmentation. Dermatol Surg 28:491, 2002.

X. Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus

Textbooks
1. Taylor and Hoyt: Pediatric Ophthalmology. Saunders Ltd. 2004.
2. Pratt-Johnson and Tilson: Management of Strabismus and Amblyopia. Thieme Verlag. 1994.
3. Wright, Spiegel and Thompson: Handbook of Pediatric Eye and Systemic disease. Springer.
4. The AAO Basic and Clinical Science Course section 6: Pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus.

Free Textbooks Available at Orbis:www.cybersight.org
1. von Noorden and Campos: Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility.
2. Helveston: Surgical Management of Strabismus.
3. Von Noorden and Helveston: Strabismus: A Decision Making Approach.

Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Journals
1. Journal of AAPOS
2. Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
3. The American Orthoptic Journal
4. Binocular Vision and Strabismus Quarterly
5. Strabismus
6. The British Orthoptic Journal
7. The Australian Orthoptic Journal
8. The Strabismus Minute

Basic Examination Techniques for Children and Adults with Strabismus
1. Thompson JT, Guyton DL. Ophthalmic prisms. Measurement errors and how to minimize them. Ophthalmol 1983, 90 (3): 204-210.
2. Helveston EM. Prism placement. Measurements of horizontal and vertical deviations with the head tilted. Arch Ophthalmol. 1975; 93: 483-486.
3. Thompson JT, Guyton DL. Ophthalmic prisms. Deviant behavior at near. Ophthalmol 1985; 92(5): 684-690.
4. Scattergood KD, Brown MH, Guyton DL. Artifacts introduced by spectacle lenses in the measurement of strabismic deviations. Amer J Ophthalmol 1983; 96 (4): 439-448.

Introduction to Strabismus
1. Simons K, Reincke R. Amblyopia screening and stereopsis. In: Symposium on strabismus: Transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. St Louis, CV Mosby Co: 1978. pp.15-50.

Esotropia
1. Braverman DE, Scott WE. Surgical treatment of dissociated vertical deviations. J Ped Ophthalmol Strab 1977, 14: 337-342.
2. Scott WE, Sutton VJ, Thalacker JA. Superior rectus recessions for dissociated vertical deviation. Ophthalmol 1982. 89 (4): 317-322.
3. Kraft SP, Scott WE. Surgery for congenital esotropia-an age comparison study. J Ped Ophthalmol Strab 1984;21: 57-68.
4. Scott WE, Reese PD, Hirsh CR, et al. Surgery for large angle congenital esotropia. Two versus three and four horizontal muscles. Arch Opthalmol 1986, 104: 374-377.
5. Apt L. An anatomical re-evaluation of rectus muscle insertions. Trans Amer Ophthalmol Soc 1980; 78: 365-375.
6. Keech RV, Scott WE, Baker JD. The medial rectus muscle insertion site in infantile esotropia. Amer J Ophthalmol 1990;109: 79-84.
7. Isenberg S, Urist MJ. Clinical observations in 101 consecutive patients with Duane's retraction syndrome. Amer J Opthalmol 1977;84: 419-425.
8. Miller NR, Kiel SM, Green WR, Clark AW. Unilateral Duane's retraction syndrome (Type 1). Arch Ophthalmol 1982;100(9): 1468-1472.
9. Pressman SH, Scott WE. Surgical treatment of Duane's syndrome. Ophthalmol 1986;93(1):29-38.
10. Cline RA, Scott WE. Long-term follow-up of Jensen Procedure. J Ped Ophthalmol Strab 1988;25(6):264-269.
11. Scott WE, Werner DB, Lennarson LW. Evaluation of Jensen Procedures by saccades and diplopic fields. Arch Ophthalmol 1979;97:1886-1889.
12. Ludwig IH, Parks MM, Getson PR, et al. Rate of deterioration of accommodative esotropia correlated to the AC/A relationship. J Ped Ophthalmol Strab 1988;25(1): 8-12.
13. Kutschke PJ, Scott WE, Stewart SA. Prism adaptation for esotropia with a distance-near disparity. J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus 1992;29(1):12-15.
14. Prism Adaptation Study Group. Efficacy of prism adapttion in the surgical management of acquired esotropia. Arch Ophthalmol 1990;108(9):1248-1256.
15. Dickey CF, Scott WE. The deterioration of accommodative esotropia: Frequency, characteristics, and predictive factors. J Ped Ophthalmol Strab 1988;25(4):172-175.

Amblyopia
1. Bradford GM, Kutschke PJ, Scott WE. Results of amblyopia therapy in eyes with unilateral structural anomalies. Ophthalmol 1992;99(10):1616-1621.
2. Drummond GT, Scott WE, Keech RV. Management of monocular congenital cataracts. Arch Ophthalmol 1989;107(1):45-51.
3. Karr DJ, Scott WE. Visual acuity results following treatment of persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous. Arch Ophthalmol 1986;104(5):662-667.
4. Kutschke PJ, Scott WE, Keech RV. Anisometropic amblyopia. Ophthalmol 1991;98(2):258-263.
5. Scott WE, Stratton VB, Febre J. Full-time occlusion therapy of amblyopia. Amer Orthop J 1980;30:125-130.
6. Scott WE, Dickey CF. Stability of visual acuity in amblyopic patients after visual maturity. Graefe's Archiv Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1988;226:154-157.
7. Wright KW, Walonker F, Edelman P, 10-Diopter fixation test for amblyopia. Arch Arch Ophthalmol. 2011 Jul;129(7):960-2.
8. Randomized trial to evaluate combined patching and atropine for residual amblyopia. Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group (PEDIG) Writing Committee, Wallace DK, Kraker RT, Beck RW, Cotter SA, Davis PL, Holmes JM, Repka MX, Suh DW.Ophthalmol 1981;99:1242-1246.
9. Zipf RF. Binocular fixation pattern. Arch Ophthalmol 1976;94:401-405.
10. Repka MX, Kraker RT, Beck RW, Birch E, Cotter SA, Holmes JM, Hertle RW, Hoover DL, Klimek DL, Marsh-Tootle W, Scheiman MM, Suh DW, Weakley DR; Pediatric Eye Disease Investigator Group. Treatment of severe amblyopia with weekend atropine: results from 2 randomized clinical trials. JAAPOS. 2009 Jun;13(3):258-63.

Nystagmus
1. Scott WE, Kraft SP. Surgical treatment of compensatory head position in congenital nystagmus. J Ped Ophthalmol Strab 1984;21(3):85-95.
2. Farmer J, Hoyt CS. Monocular nystagmus in infancy and early childhood. Amer J Ophthalmol 1984;98:504-509.
3. Lavey MA, O'Neill JF, Chu FC. Acquired nystagmus in early childhood: A presenting sign of intracranial tumor. Ophthalmol 1984;91:425-435.
4. Hertle RW, Felius J, Yang D, Kaufman M. Eye muscle surgery for Infantile Nystagmus syndrome in the first two years of life. Clin Ophthalmol. 2009;3:615-24.

Paralytic and Restrictive Strabismus
1. Loewenfeld IE, Thompson HS. Oculomotor paresis with cyslic spasms. A critical review of the literature and a new case. Surv Ophthalmol 1975;20(2):81-124.
2. Clarke WN, Scott WE. Cyclic third nerve palsy. A report of two cases. J Ped Ophthalmol Strab 1975;12(2):94-99.
3. Lueder GT, Scott WE, Kutschke PJ, Keech RV. Long-term results of adjustable suture surgery for strabismus secondary to thyroid ophthalmopathy. Ophthalmol 1992;99(6):993-997.
4. Scott WE, Thalacker JA. Diagnosis and treatment of thyroid myopathy. Ophthalmol 1981;88:493-498.
5. O'Donnell FE, Del Monte M, Guyton DL. Simultaneous correction of blepharoptosis and exotropia in aberrant regeneration of the oculomotor nerve by strabismus surgery. Ophthalmic Surg 1980;11(10):695-697.
6. Gottlob I, Catalano RA, Reinecke RD. Surgical management of oculomotor nerve palsy. Amer J Ophthalmol 1991;111:71-76.
7. Buckley EG, Townshend LM. A simple transposition for complicated strabismus. Amer J Ophthalmol 1991;111:302-206.
8. Leibsohn J, Burton TC, Scott WE. Orbital floor fractures: a retrospective study. Ann Ophthalmol 1976;8:1057-1062.
9. Wright KW, Superior oblique silicone expander for Brown's syndrome and superior oblique overaction. J Ped Ophthalmol Strab 1991;28:101-107.
10. Scott WE, Arthur BW. Current approaches to superior oblique muscle surgery. Focal points 1988: Clinical Modules for Ophthalmologists Vol. 4, Module 3, 1988.
11. Wilson ME, Eustis HS, Parks MM. Brown's syndrome. Surv Ophthalmol 1989;34:153-172.
12. Sprunger DT, von Noorden GK, Helveston EM. Surgical results in Brown's syndrome. J Ped Ophthalmol Strab 1991;28:164-167.
13. Scott WE, Nankin SJ. Isolated inferior oblique paresis. Arch Ophthalmol 1977;95:1586-1593.
14. Scott WE, Jackson OB. Double elevator palsy: the significance of inferior reutus restriction. Amer Orthop J 1977;27:5-10.

Superior Oblique Palsy
1. Knapp P. Classification and treatment of superior oblique palsy. Amer Orthop J 1974;24:18-22.
2. Scott WE, Kraft SP. Classification and treatment of superior oblique palsies: II Bilateral superior oblique palsies. In: Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus: Transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. New York;Raven Press:1986, pp.265-291.
3. Scott WE, Kraft SP. Classification and surgical treatment of superior oblique palsies: I Unilateral superior oblique palsies. In: Pediatric Ophthalmoloy and Strabismus: Transactions of the New Orleans Academy of Ophthalmology. New York;Raven Press:1986, pp.15-38.
4. Parks MM. Isolated cyclovertical muscle palsy. Arch Ophthalmol 1958;60:1027-1035.

Other
1. Scott WE, Drummond GT, Keech RV. Vertical Offsets of horizontal recti muscles in the management of A and V pattern strabismus. Aust NZ J Ophthalmol 1989;17(3):281-288.
2. Scott WE, Jampolsky AJ, Redmond MR. Superior oblique tenotomy: Indications and complications. In Ellis FD, Helveston E (eds): International Ophthalmology Clinics: Strabismus Surgery. Vol 3, Boston;Little Brown Co.:1976, pp 151-159.

Exodeviations and Monofixation Syndrome
1. Scott WE, Keech RV, Mash AJ: The postoperative results and stability of exodeviations. Arch Ophthalmol 1981;99:1814-1818.
2. Arthur BW, Scott WE. Long-term stability of alignment in the monofixation syndrome. J Ped Ophthalmol Strab 1989;26(5):224-231.
3. Parks MM. The monofixation syndrome. Trans Amer Ophthalmol Soc 1969;67:609-657.

Pediatric Cataract
1. Dahan E, Drusedau MU. Choice of lens and dioptric power in pediatric pseudophakia. J Cataract Refract Surg. 1997;23 Suppl 1:618-23.

2. Buckley EG, Klombers LA, Seaber JH, Scalise-Gordy A, Minzter R. Management of the posterior capsule during pediatric intraocular lens implantation. Am J Ophthalmol. 1993 Jun 15;115(6):722-8.

Pediatric Glaucomas
1. Beck AD, Freedman SF. Trabeculectomy with mitomycin-C in pediatric glaucomas. Ophthalmology. 2001 May;108(5):835-7.

Pediatric Glaucomas
1. Bainbridge JW, Smith AJ, Barker SS, Robbie S, Henderson R, Balaggan K, Viswanathan A, Holder GE, Stockman A, Tyler N, Petersen-Jones S, Bhattacharya SS, Thrasher AJ, Fitzke FW, Carter BJ, Rubin GS, Moore AT, Ali RR. Effect of gene therapy on visual function in Leber's congenital amaurosis. N Engl J Med. 2008 May 22;358(21):2231-9. Epub 2008 Apr 27.

Myopia–Sydney Eye Study
1. Rose KA, Morgan IG, Ip J, Kifley A, Huynh S, Smith W, Mitchell P. Outdoor activity reduces the prevalence of myopia in children. Ophthalmology. 2008 Aug;115(8):1279-85. Epub 2008 Feb 21.

Retinopathy of Prematurity
1. [No authors listed]. Multicenter trial of cryotherapy for retinopathy of prematurity. One-year outcome--structure and function. Cryotherapy for Retinopathy of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Arch Ophthalmol. 1990 Oct;108(10):1408-16.
2. Early Treatment For Retinopathy Of Prematurity Cooperative Group. Revised indications for the treatment of retinopathy of prematurity: results of the early treatment for retinopathy of prematurity randomized trial. Arch Ophthalmol. 2003 Dec;121(12):1684-94.

Strabismus
1. Foster RS. Vertical muscle transposition augmented with lateral fixation. J AAPOS. 1997 Mar;1(1):20-30.
2. Clark RA, Miller JM, Demer JL. Location and stability of rectus muscle pulleys. Muscle paths as a function of gaze. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1997 Jan;38(1):227-40. 

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