The ICO Subspecialty
Curricula provide aspects of modern curriculum design that complement the ICO
Residency Curriculum, which is a stratified content outline of cognitive and
technical skills. The comprehensive
definition of a curriculum includes not only a content outline but also the resources required to
adequately provide training (eg, faculty and facilities), suggested numbers of
procedures, teaching methods, and trainee and program evaluations. We believe
the incorporation of these crucial components produces a valuable resource. The
ICO Subspecialty Curricula are intended to be modified, acknowledging
differences across the globe due to available resources, prevalence of disease,
and geographic or demographic differences.
As an additional resource,
you may also want to refer to the Very Advanced Level Goals content outlines
for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus in the ICO Residency Curriculum.
[M]: Must
have/required
[S]: Should
have
I. INTRODUCTION
A. Definition
and Scope of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Fellowship
Pediatric
ophthalmologists and strabismologists manage the entire spectrum of eye disease.
This may require collaboration with other medical and ophthalmic specialty
areas. Fellowship training is focused on additional in-depth understanding and
management of pediatric eye diseases and strabismus beyond that obtained in
residency training. This training occurs during a
continuous minimum period of 1 year and includes intense and focused training
in developing and maintaining knowledge, skills, scholarship, and
professionalism.
It is important that most eye
problems presenting in childhood be corrected as early as feasible. Failure to
correct these problems at an appropriate time early in life may result in
permanent visual deficits, eye muscle disorders, and possibly legal blindness.
This early attention to a child’s ocular problems should permit him/her to have
optimal vision in adulthood. The Pediatric Ophthalmology and
Strabismus Subspecialty Curriculum Development Committee wish to ensure that all future
fellows are properly trained in pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus by
satisfactorily completing an appropriate post-residency fellowship training
program.
B. Duration,
Scope, and Location of Education
1. The fellow
must be able to fully comply with the clinical requirements of the program and
have completed an appropriate residency program for the subspecialty
fellowship. [M]
2. Prior to entry into the program, each fellow will be given an orientation period for familiarization with the
institute, the clinic, and the basic examination skills. Each fellow is
required to be notified of the required
length of the program, policies for vacation, duties, stipends, and other forms
of support. [M]
3. A minimum
of 12 months (not necessarily consecutive) of clinical training is required, with vacation time and
sick/personal leave at the discretion of the program director and not
necessarily equivalent to that stipulated for residents at the same training institute. Extension of the
training period greater than 3 months, or an
extended leave of absence, should have prior approval. A 24-month training program with 50%
of the fellow’s time in fellowship training can also be considered. [M]
4. At least 50% (6
months) of the fellow’s time must be spent at the parent institution or at one
of the hospitals or sites that are part of the parent institution. [S]
5. If part of the 12
months of training is spent away from the parent institution, verification and
documentation of such training is the responsibility of the program director. [S]
II. INSTITUTIONAL
ORGANIZATION
A. Fellowship
programs in pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus are often in institutions
that sponsor residency programs in ophthalmology. Whenever possible, there
should be coordination of the fellowship and residency programs, so that both
benefit. While affiliation of the fellowship and residency programs may not be
required, it is recommended. [S]
B. The institution committed to offering a pediatric
ophthalmology and strabismus fellowship program should have the capacity––and
appropriate infrastructure––for high quality, diverse exposure to complex pediatric
ophthalmology and strabismus cases and their management. Educational
activities, including didactic lectures and grand rounds, are necessary.
Research activities, including presentations at meetings, are part of the pediatric
ophthalmology and strabismus fellowship program and fellows are encouraged to
participate in such activities. [S]
C. The number
of fellowship positions approved will depend on the adequacy of clinical
volume, number of faculty, and other resources, as determined by the fellowship
director with the support and approval of the departmental chair. [S]
D. The
fellowship program should receive a letter of support from the chairman and/or
program director of the parent department of ophthalmology. The fellowship
program, as much as possible, should complement, support, and enhance the
residency program. The department chair, fellowship program director, and
residency program director should work together and periodically meet to assure
that the presence of the subspecialty fellowship does not unduly draw cases,
learning opportunities, or funding from the residency program. [S]
III. FACULTY
QUALIFICATIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
A. Fellowship
Program Director
There must be a single program director responsible
for the fellowship program. [M]
1. Qualifications
of the fellowship program director:
a. Required
to possess appropriate educational
qualifications, including certification in ophthalmology and pediatric/strabismus-fellowship
training. [M]
b. Required
to have at least 3 years of clinical
experience in pediatric ophthalmology and strabismus following his/her
fellowship training. [M]
i. In rare circumstances, in regions where there
may not be a fellowship-trained program director, a senior ophthalmologist may
have 10 or more years experience in substantial (greater than 50%) pediatric/strabismus
practice, including contribution to the literature in the way of clinical or
basic research. Such a clinician should be considered an appropriate primary
supervisor.
c. Should be engaged
in ongoing basic and/or clinical science research in the area of pediatrics/strabismus,
as demonstrated by regular publications in peer-reviewed journals and/or
presentation of research material at national and international meetings.
[S]
d. Required to have a clinical practice with at least
50% of patients who have pediatric/strabismus-related disorders. [M]
e. Required to have an academic appointment on the
faculty of the affiliated ophthalmology-residency program or affiliated
institution. [M]
f. Required to be licensed to practice medicine in the
state or country where the institution that sponsors the program is located. [M]
2. Responsibilities
of the fellowship program director:
a. Required
to design and supervise the educational experience. [M]
b Required
to prepare a written statement
outlining the educational goals of the program with respect to knowledge,
skills and other attributes, and educational goals for each major rotation or
other program assignments. [M]
c. Should promote awareness of the fellowship opportunity by
providing a job description and requesting applications via a public website. [S]
d. Required
to develop and maintain documentation
of institutional or inter-institutional agreements, the fellowship selection
process, patient-care statistics, evaluations of faculty and the program, and
assessment of the fellows’ performance.
[M]
e. Required
to select fellows in accordance with
institutional and departmental policies and procedures. [M]
f. Required
to designate and supervise the faculty
through explicit descriptions of supervisory lines of responsibility for the
care of patients. [M]
g. Required
to ensure the implementation of fair
procedures and due process regarding academic discipline and fellow complaints
or grievances, as established by the sponsoring institution. [M]
h. Required to keep
open lines of communication with their fellows and be sensitive to issues of
professional and personal stress, which may interfere with the fellows’
interaction with patients and colleagues, both medical and non-medical. The
fellowship program director should be aware of issues that would interfere with
the professional development of their fellows and be willing to facilitate timely provision of confidential professional counseling
and psychological support services to fellows. Training situations that
consistently produce undesirable stress on fellows must be evaluated and
modified. [M]
i. Required
to ensure that accurate statistical
and narrative descriptions of the program are developed and maintained. [M]
j. Any
change in the fellowship director position is to be communicated within 90
days. [M]
3. Duties of
the fellowship program director:
a. Maintain an active clinical service in
pediatric ophthalmology and/or strabismus at the parent institution. [M]
b. Periodically (at least once every 6 months) assess
the fellows by means of adequate documentation and make adjustments for areas
of deficiency. [M]
c. Personally supervise the administration and
implementation of fellowship requirements. [M]
d. Certify the satisfactory completion of the
course of training by the fellow at the end of the training program. [M]
e. Engage in ongoing
research in the field of pediatric ophthalmology and/or demonstrate regular
publications in peer-reviewed journals and/or presentation of research material
at national meetings, and/or appointments to national or international
committees in this specialty. [S]
B. Faculty in
Pediatrics/Strabismus
It is required that there be at least
one faculty member who is the fellowship program director. [M] Additional supervising faculty for each approved fellowship
position is desirable. [S]
1. Qualifications of the
faculty:
a. The primary faculty of the fellowship program
must be a trained pediatric ophthalmologist and/or strabismologist. The fellowship
program director must have had at least three years of clinical
experience following his/her training, and hold a current appointment in the
ophthalmology department of the parent institution. In addition, to serve as the
program director, the faculty member must have been at the site of that program
for at least two years, unless there is a current fellowship in place, in which
case they can assume directorship immediately. [M]
b. In addition to working with the program
director, the fellow(s) should have the opportunity to work at least 20% of the
time (eg, one day/week) with the other faculty members in the program and this
should be reflected in the weekly/monthly schedule. [S]
2. Responsibilities of the
faculty:
a. Be highly
qualified and possess appropriate clinical and teaching skills. [M]
b. Devote
adequate time to the education of fellows.
[M]
c. Demonstrate
a strong interest in the education of fellows, have sound clinical and teaching
abilities, support the goals and objectives of the program, and be committed to
their own continuing medical education and participation in scholarly
activities. [M]
d. Maintain
regularly scheduled, documented meetings in order to review the program’s goals
and objectives, as well as the program’s effectiveness in achieving goals and
objectives. [M]
e. Periodically
evaluate the utilization of resources available to the program, the
contribution of each institution participating in the program, the program’s
financial and administrative support, the volume and variety of patients
available for educational purposes, the performance of faculty members, and the
quality of supervision of fellows. [M]
f. Periodically
evaluate outcomes of the research activities of the fellows. [M]
g. Evaluate
curriculum and career development of the fellows.
[M]
h. Each
faculty member must have pediatric/strabismus subspecialty fellowship training
or equivalent training and be a member of the faculty of the sponsoring
institution. In addition, research faculty and scientists may be involved with
the clinical fellowship program and are encouraged to interact with the
fellows. [M]
C. Other
Program Personnel
Programs must be provided with the additional professional, technical,
and clerical personnel needed to support the administrative and educational
activities of the program. [M]
IV. APPLICANT
QUALIFICATIONS
A. Applicant Qualifications
1. The applicant must have satisfactorily completed a residency
program in ophthalmology.[M]
V. PROGRAM
QUALIFICATIONS
A. Program Qualifications
1. The training program must be based at an institution that is
affiliated with an ophthalmology residency program. This institution shall be
known as the parent institution.[M]
2. It is desirable that the parent institution is associated with a
general pediatric residency training program [S]
3. The number of
fellowship positions approved must be determined based on the adequacy of
clinical volume, number of faculty, and other resources, as determined by the fellowship
director with the support and approval of the departmental chair. [S]
4. The fellowship program must receive a letter of support from the
chairman and/or program director of the parent department of ophthalmology. [S]
B. Program Compliance
All fellowship programs must comply with
the requirements listed below. [M]
1. Upon satisfactory completion of a fellowship training program, an
individual will receive certification from the training program. [M]
2. All fellowship programs are subject to periodic review to assure
their continued compliance to the requirements listed below. [M]
3. Re-approval of a fellowship program is contingent upon having a
fellow in training for at least one of the years covered by the triennial
review. (A program that does not have a fellow for the three consecutive years
of the triennial review period must reapply as a new program.) [M]
4. The implemented curriculum
should comply with local and national regulations. [M]
5. The ICO Ethical Guidelines for Ophthalmologists: Ethical Principles and
Professional Standards should also be practiced in the program. Each of
the nine standards that follow includes a general principle from which the related standards evolve. The standards taken together are intended to
represent comprehensive guidelines to reflect the ideals to which
ophthalmologists should aspire as members of a specialist branch of the medical
profession, and as socially responsible members of their respective
professional societies. [S]
Ethical Standards:
a. Patient Care
Standards
b. Professional
Practice Standards
c. Professional
Community Standards
d. Standards for
Working with Other Health Care Professionals
e. Research Standards
f. Social Standards
g. Commercial
Standards
h. Teaching and
Mentorship Standards
i. Standards
Governing the Relationship to the Medical Industry
VI. PROGRAM CHARACTERISTICS
A. Medical liability coverage must be provided to
the fellow by the program or applicant during his/her training (unless
provision of such coverage is in conflict with institutional policies or local
statutes). [M]
B. The medical and surgical care provided by the
fellow during his/her training must be supervised. [M]
C. A journal club specific to the pediatric
ophthalmology/strabismus program must be held at least six times per annum. [S]
D. The fellow should have ready access to a major
medical library and facilities for electronic retrieval of information from
medical journals and databases. [S]
E. The fellow is required to prepare and present
teaching conferences and participate in the teaching of residents and/or
medical students. [M]
F. The fellow should be involved in the ongoing
research activities of the department. [S]
G. The teaching program must include:
1. An ongoing program of study of the pertinent
literature, guided by the faculty. [M]
2. Informal and formal didactic teaching, as
well as access to pertinent reading materials. [M]
3. The provision of appropriate clinical
material (ie, patients for examination, evaluation, treatment, and discussion).
[M]
VII. DOCUMENTATION AND VERIFICATION
A. Documentation and verification of the program’s activities is
required annually and must include the following:
1. A surgical log must be kept by the fellow and
reviewed by the program director. The director must keep a summary of the fellow’s
surgical experience over the one-year training period. The log must include
diagnosis, surgery performed, outcome, and whether the fellow is first
assistant or primary surgeon. [M]
2. A list of conferences/lectures given by the
fellow. [M]
3. A list of journal club subjects
evaluated by the fellow. [M]
4. A list of submitted/published papers and
papers/research projects presented at national meetings by members of the
department, including fellows. [M]
5. Maintain regularly scheduled, documented meetings in
order to review the program’s goals and objectives, as well as the program’s effectiveness in achieving its goals and objectives.[M]
6. The program director must provide a written,
final evaluation for each fellow who completes the program. The evaluation must
include a review of the fellow’s performance during the period of training and
should verify that the fellow has demonstrated sufficient professional ability
to practice competently and independently. This final evaluation must be part
of the fellow’s permanent record maintained by the institution. [M]
7. Fellows compliance to the program and
submission of an exit survey are program requirements. [M]
VIII. FACILITIES
AND RESOURCES
A. Clinic
The outpatient area of each participating institution must have a
minimum number of of fully equipped examination lanes for each fellow in the
clinic. There must be access to current diagnostic equipment. [M]
B. Operating
Facilities
There must be adequate operating facilities, including an operating
microscope to perform and teach surgeries.
[M]
C. Inpatient
Facilities
There must be inpatient facilities with access to sufficient space and
beds for good patient care. [M]
D. Library
Fellows
must have ready access to a major medical library and facilities for electronic
retrieval of information from medical databases.
[M]
IX. STRABISMUS AND PEDIATRIC SUBJECTS AREAS
The Pediatric
Ophthalmology and Strabismus Fellowship must include lectures, conferences,
or informal sessions at minimum in the following subject areas. Subject areas can
be adapted to reflect local disease patterns and the particular needs of
patients in the local area: [M]
A. Strabismus
1. Anatomy, physiology, neuroanatomy
2. Sensory adaptation and testing
3. Amblyopia diagnosis and treatment
4. Refraction management
5. Esodeviations and exodeviations
6. Vertical and incomitant strabismus
7. Ophthalmoplegic syndromes
8. Surgery; primary and complex
9. Botulinum toxin
10. Nystagmus–evaluation and management
B. Pediatric Ophthalmology
1. Vision development in infancy and childhood
2. Embryological basis of conditions relative to pediatric
ophthalmology
3. Neonatal ophthalmology, particularly retinopathy of prematurity
4. Genetics, inborn errors of metabolism, and syndromes involving the
eye
5. Electrodiagnostic testing
6. Ocular manifestations of systemic disease in children
7. Vision and learning; dyslexia
8. Vision screening
9. Treating the visually handicapped child; low-vision management
10. Pediatric ocular trauma
11. Pediatric ocular tumors
12. Ultrasound, computerized tomography (CT) scan, and magnetic
resonance imaging (MRI) in pediatric ophthalmology
13. Ethical considerations specific to pediatric ophthalmology
C. Other areas of study, as related to pediatric
ophthalmology and vision development
1. External ocular disease
2. Lacrimal disorders
3. Lid disorders
4. Corneal disorders
5. Uveal disorders
6. Lens disorders
7. Pediatric glaucoma; primary and secondary
8. Retina and vitreous
9. Neuro-ophthalmology
D. Surgery
1. Surgical training is required in this
surgical subspecialty. [M]
2. The fellow must perform a sufficient number
of procedures to achieve competence. Recommended numbers of procedures are presented under “Surgical
Requirements,” but it is recognized that individual programs utilizing these
guidelines may need to vary these minimum numbers based on local needs and
resources. Surgical competency should be assessed using a measurement
such as the ICO-Ophthalmology Surgical Competency Assessment
Rubric (OSCAR): icoph.org/ico-oscar.
3. Fellowships can focus more on surgery in
strabismus or pediatric ophthalmology.
4. The fellow must participate in the pre- and
postoperative care of the majority of surgical cases in which he/she serves as
the primary surgeon. [M]
X. GOAL
OF THE STRABISMUS PROGRAM
The
goal of the strabismus program is to train the pediatric ophthalmology fellow
to accurately diagnose and treat all forms of adult and pediatric strabismus
and ocular motility problems. Fellowship training in strabismus provides the
fellow with the necessary knowledge and surgical skills to provide the patient
with the highest quality medical and surgical care.
A. Strabismus Knowledge and Diagnostic Skills Goals
1. To describe and perform an accurate ocular
motor and sensory examination––both basic and advanced––in pediatric and adult
patients, including in patients who might be considered challenging (eg,
uncooperative, cognitively impaired, nonverbal, preverbal). [M]
2. To apply the most advanced knowledge of eye
movement anatomy, neuroanatomy, and physiology to patient evaluation and
surgical-decision making. [S]
3. To describe clinical applications of basic
and advanced sensory adaptations in strabismus patients. [S]
4. To be able to recognize and treat any cause
of esotropia. [M]
5. To be able to recognize and treat any cause
of exotropia. [M]
6. To be able to recognize and treat more
complex strabismus patterns, such as restriction, paresis, and dissociated
strabismus. [S]
7. To be able to recognize and treat most
complex etiologies of alphabet patterns and oblique muscle dysfunctions. [S]
8. To be able to appropriately order and
interpret testing such as orbital images (eg, CT and MRI) and Hess/Lancaster in
the diagnosis, and medical and surgical management of the strabismus patient. [S]
9. To be able to diagnose and correctly manage
those strabismus patients in whom refraction management is indicated. [M]
10. To competently be able to perform retinoscopy
in children. [M]
B. Surgical Requirements for Strabismus-Based Fellowships
For a fellowship focused on
strabismus, it is recommended that the fellow perform at least 60 surgical
procedures, of which 50 surgical procedures are strabismus procedures performed
as the primary surgeon. Being the primary surgeon means operating at least one
complete muscle, under supervision. A fellow cannot serve as both a primary surgeon and a
first assistant for the same surgical case. Examinations under anesthesia do
not qualify as major cases.
C. Strabismus-Specific Surgical Goals
1. To understand and describe indications and
contraindications for basic and more complex strabismus surgery. [S]
2. To perform the preoperative assessment for
patients undergoing extraocular muscle surgery, including measurement of
strabismus angle in primary positions as well as the 9 cardinal positions of gaze
and head tilts. [M]
3. To know the indications for preoperative
measurements in the various gaze positions. [S]
4. To know the surgical anatomy, including
muscle measurements, specific characteristics of the conjunctiva,
subconjunctival fascia, individual muscles, and vascular supply in relation to
extraocular muscle surgery. [M]
5. To know and be able to perform the basic
surgical techniques involved in eye muscle surgery, including: setup, draping,
prep and exposure, forced duction testing, incision options (and indications
for the different incisions), and the principles of muscle dissection and
suturing techniques. This would include proper instrument identification and
choice and handling of instruments. [M]
6. To know and be able to perform basic rectus
muscle recession and resection procedures. [M]
7. To know and be able to perform basic surgical
procedures on the oblique muscles. This would include understanding of the
indications for oblique muscle surgery and proper choice of available
procedures. [S]
8. To perform more complex extraocular muscle
surgery, including reoperation, tuck, and transposition procedures. [S]
9. To be able to manage postoperative complications for basic and more
complicated strabismus surgery, such as a slipped muscle, globe perforation,
endophthalmitis, anterior segment ischemia, and overcorrection. [S]
10. To understand the risks and benefits of adjustable suture surgery
and to understand the techniques involved in adjustable suture surgery. [S]
11. To have a working knowledge of the tables used for surgical numbers
for eye muscle surgery. [S]
12. To assess the competency
of the fellow using a measure such as the ICO-OSCARs. [S]
XI. GOAL OF THE PEDIATRIC OPHTHALMOLOGY PROGRAM
The
goal of the pediatric ophthalmology program is to train the fellow to
accurately diagnose and treat common and important pediatric eye diseases.
Fellowship training in pediatric ophthalmology provides the fellow with the
necessary knowledge and surgical skills to provide the patient with the highest
quality medical and surgical care.
A. Subject Areas
1. Vision development in infancy and childhood [M]
2. Ophthalmic examination in children [M]
3. Neonatal ophthalmology, including retinopathy of prematurity [S]
4. Refraction and amblyopia management [M]
5. Pediatric eye diseases, including uveitis, glaucoma, cataract,
retinal diseases [S]
6. Pediatric ocular tumors [S]
7. Ocular manifestations of systemic diseases in children [S]
8. Surgery, both primary and complex [S]
B. Pediatric Ophthalmology Knowledge and Diagnostic Skills Goals
1. To perform and interpret eye examinations for
children, including visual acuity tests appropriate for the child’s age and
condition. [M]
2. To perform refraction in children, including
retinoscopy. [M]
3. To identify and manage amblyopia. [M]
4. To participate in diagnosis and management of
retinoblastoma. [S]
5. To be able to recognize and treat uveitis in
children. [S]
6. To be able to recognize and treat glaucoma in
children by surgical and nonsurgical treatment. [S]
7. To be able to recognize and treat cataract
and lens subluxation in children by surgical and nonsurgical treatment. [S]
8. To be able to recognize and treat retinal
diseases in children by nonsurgical, laser, and surgical treatment. [S]
9. To be able to recognize and treat retinopathy
of prematurity. [S]
10. To be able to recognize and treat optic
neuropathies. [S]
11. To able to recognize and treat nystagmus in
children. [S]
12. To identify ocular and nonocular manifestations
of systemic diseases with ocular involvement. [S]
C. Surgical Requirements for Pediatric Ophthalmology-Based Fellowships
For a fellowship focused on pediatric
ophthalmology, the fellow should perform at least 60 surgical procedures as primary
surgeon. At least 10 surgical procedures should be non-strabismus procedures in
pediatric ophthalmology, and at least 30 surgical procedures should be
strabismus procedures as primary surgeon. A fellow cannot serve as both a primary surgeon and a first assistant
for the same surgical case. Examinations under anesthesia do not qualify as major cases.
XII. REFERENCES
A. Books
1. Wright KW. Pediatric
Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 3rd ed. Oxford; 2012.
2. Lambert S, Lyons C. Taylor
and Hoyt's Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 5th ed. Elsevier;
2016.
3. Raab EL. Basic and Clinical Science Course 2010-2011 Section 6. Pediatric
Ophthalmology and Strabismus.
American Academy of Ophthalmology. Revised.
4. Prieto-Diaz J, Souza-Dias C.
Strabismus. 4th edition. Butterworth-Heinemann; 2000.
5. Wright KW. Color Atlas of
Strabismus Surgery: Strategies and Techniques. 3rd ed. Springer; 2007.
6. Traboulsi E. Genetic
Diseases of the Eye (Oxford Monographs on Medical Genetics). 2nd ed. Oxford University
Press; 2011.
7. Ferris J, Davies P. Strabismus
Surgery–Strabismus Techniques
in Ophthalmology. 1st ed. Saunders Ltd; 2007. (DVD illustrates each technique)
8. Buckley EG, Plager DA, Repka MX, Wilson ME. Plager
DA, eds. Strabismus Surgery: Basic and Advanced Strategies. 1st ed. Oxford
University Press; 2004
B. Journals
1. Journal of the American
Association of Pediatric Ophthalmology. www.jaapos.org
2. Journal of Pediatric
Ophthalmology & Strabismus. www.slackjournals.com/jpos
3. Ophthalmic Genetics. http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/iopg20
C. Online resources
1. AAO One Network. http://one.aao.org
2. ICO Ethical Guidelines for
Ophthalmologists: Ethical Principles and Professional Standards. http://www.icoph.org/downloads/icoethicalcode.pdf
3. ICO-Ophthalmology Surgical Competency Assessment Rubric (OSCAR),
including strabismus surgery
rubric. http://www.icoph.org/resources/230/Surgical-Assessment-Tool-ICO-OSCAR-in-English-Chinese-Portuguese-Russian-Spanish-Vietnamese-and-French.html
4. OMIM Genetic Database. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/omim
5. Orphanet. www.orpha.net/
6. Rosenbaum AL, Santiago
AP. Clinical Strabismus Management: Principles and Surgical Techniques. 1st ed. W. B. Saunders Company; 1999. Out
of print. Available free online: https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0721676731
7. von Noorden GK, Campos EC. Binocular Vision and Ocular Motility. 6th
ed.
Mosby; 2002. Out of print.PDF available free online: http://www.cybersight.org/.../3285_5.85MB_Binocular_Vision_and_Ocular_Motility.pdf
8. OrbisCybersight. https://consult.cybersight.org/web/main
9. Simulated Ocular Surgery. http://simulatedocularsurgery.com/simulation/strabismus/http://simulatedocularsurgery.com/simulation/strabism
ICO
Subspecialty Curricula Development Project
Andrew G. Lee,
MD, United States
Peter A. Quiros, MD,
United States
ICO Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Subspecialty Curriculum
Development Committee
Dorothy SP Fan, MSc, FRCS,
Chair, Hong Kong
Christopher Yu, MBBS, MRCOphth, FRCOphth, FCOphthHK, Co-Chair, Hong Kong
Dupe Ademola-Popoola,
MBBS, FMCOphth, FWACS, Nigeria
Jamal H. Bleik, MD, FRCSEd, FRCOphth, Lebanon
Ingele Casteels, MD, PhD, Belgium
Craig Donaldson, MBBS, FRACS, FRANZCO, Australia
Birgit Lorenz, MD, PhD, Germany
Marilyn T. Miller, MD, United States
John Sloper, FRCS, FRCOphth, United Kingdom
Maria Yadarola, MD, Argentina
Mary Louise Zimmerman Collins, MD, United States
Pediatric Ophthalmology and
Strabismus Curriculum Reviewers
Oseleuse Dawodu, MD,
Nigeria
Nikos Kozeis, MD, PhD,
FEBO, FICO, MRCOphth, Greece
Frank Martin, MD, Australia
Anthony Murray, FRCS, South Africa
Antje Neugebauer, MD, Germany
Meenakshi Swaminathan, MD, India
Reviewing
the Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Subspecialty Curriculum
·
The final document is posted here.
·
Comments on the draft were collected 10 February 2017, for
potential incorporation into the final document.
·
Any further feedback will be considered, but possibly not
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·
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document is available for download from the ICO website as a MS Word document, a PDF, and a
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If you need help or have further
comments, please contact curricula@icoph.org.
